International Higher EducationThe changing landscape

Simon MarginsonInstitute of Education

20 March 20141 Victoria Street Conference Centre

London SW1H 0ET

Leiden University ranking top 12largest number of journal papers in 2008-2011

Gross Tertiary Enrolment Ratio 1995/2010UNESCO Institute for Statistics

Investment in R&D, 2011: Top ten nationsUSD $s billion, OECD data 2013, GDP Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

Journal papers per year, 1995-2011 Total world output

US National Science Foundation data

Journal papers 2001 and 2011

51 countries with 1000 journal papers p.a.US National Science Foundation data for 2011

ANGLO-SPHERE

EUROPE EU NATIONS

EUROPENON-EU

ASIA LATIN AMERICA

Australia Austria Italy Croatia* China Argentina

Canada Belgium Netherlands Norway India Brazil

N. Zealand Czech Rep. Poland Russia Japan Chile*

UK Denmark Portugal* Serbia* Malaysia* Mexico

USA Finland Romania* Switzerland Pakistan* M.EAST /AF

France Slovakia Turkey Singapore Egypt

Germany Slovenia* Ukraine South Korea Iran*

Greece Sweden Taiwan Israel

Hungary Spain Thailand* Saudi Arab.*

Ireland Sweden Sth. Africa

Tunisia*

*countries that reached the annual level of 1000 journal papers after 1997 (12 out of 51)

Some slow growing research systems: journal papers per year, 1997-2011

Source: US National Science Foundation data, 2014

Some high quality European systems: journal papers per year, 1997-2011

Source: US National Science Foundation data, 2014

Citations per paper 2001-2011 (%)Thomson Reuters, for 1 January 2001 to 31 August 2011

Fast growing Post-Confucian systemsjournal papers per year, 1997-2011

Source: US National Science Foundation data, 2014

Some other fast growing systems: journal papers per year, 1997-2011

Source: US National Science Foundation data, 2014

Top ten school systems OECD PISA 2012 (mean student scores, Post –Confucian education systems in yellow)

Students enrolled outside their country of citizenship, millions, 1975-2011

OECD data, 2013

Asian middle class 2009-2030 (millions)Source of extrapolation: European Union Institute for Strategic Studies

A middle class person is defined as someone living on USD $10-100 per day PPP

R&D as a proportion of GDP, 2010Selected countries, OECD data for 2013

Three kinds of state/ higher education

Gross National Income per head 2011World Bank, CIA Fact Book for Taiwan data only

Country/system Population(millions)

GNI PPP per year(USD $s)

Singapore 5.2 59,380Macau SAR (GNI 2010) 0.6 56,950Hong Kong SAR 7.1 52,350Taiwan (GNI 2010, pop 2012) 23.2 35,700Japan 127.8 35,330South Korea 49.8 30,370China (mainland only) 1344.1 8390United States 311.6 48,820

Top ten school systems OECD PISA 2012 (mean student scores, Post –Confucian education systems in yellow)

Reading Mathematics Science

Shanghai China 570 Shanghai China 613 Shanghai China 580

Hong Kong SAR 545 Singapore 573 Hong Kong SAR 555

Singapore 542 Hong Kong SAR 561 Singapore 551

Japan 538 Taiwan 560 Japan 547

South Korea 536 South Korea 554 Finland 545

Finland 524 Macao SAR 538 Estonia 541

Taiwan 523 Japan 536 South Korea 538

Canada 523 Liechtenstein 535 Vietnam 528

Ireland 523 Switzerland 531 Poland 526

Poland 518 Netherlands 523 Liechtenstein 525

Vietnam 508 Vietnam 511 Canada 525

UKA 499 UK 494 UK 514

USA 498 USA 481 USA 497

Gross Tertiary Enrolment Ratio, 2011Post-Confucian systems

UNESCO Institute for Statistics & Taiwan Ministry of Education

Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities top 200, 2013

Shanghai ARWU top 500 universities Chinese systems, 2005 & 2013

High citation rate Asia-Pacific universities

4.3 million foreign tertiary students, 2011: world market shares (OECD data)