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This study guide is intended to provide those pursuing the CCNA certification with a framework of what concepts need to be studied. This is not a comprehensive document containing all the secrets of the CCNA, nor is it a “braindump” of questions and answers. I sincerely hope that this document provides some assistance and clarity in your studies.
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• Router is a device which makes communication
possible between two or more different networks
present in different geographical locations.
• To make communication possible between two or
more different networks present in the same
geographical location, what are the steps to be taken:
Answer : Configuring a Software Router or
Implementing the CIDR concept
What is a Router ?
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E0 192.168.1.150/24
HYD
LAN - 192.168.1.0/24
E0 192.168.1.150/24
CHE
LAN - 192.168.1.0/24
10.0.0.1/8S0
S110.0.0.2/8
Is communication possible ?
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The same networks present in different geographical
locations cant communicate through a router because
if Network ID of both the networks is same then the
request will not go out of the router and it’ll keep on
searching within the LAN.
Is communication possible ?
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Many companies are manufacturing Router :
• Cisco
• Nortel
• Multicom
• Cyclades
• Juniper
• Dlink
• Linksys
• 3Com
But Cisco is having monopoly in the market of Routers
Which Routers to buy ?
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Cisco divided the Router into 3 Layers
• Access Layer Router
• Distribution Layer Router
• Core Layer Router
Cisco’s Hierarchical Design Model
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Cisco 1700 Cisco 1760Cisco 800
• Routers which are used by the Small Organization
and are also known as Desktop or Company Layer
Routers.
Router Series : 800, 1000, 1600, 1700, 2500
Access Layer Router
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• Routers which are used by the ISPs and are also
known as ISP Layer Routers
Router Series : 2600, 3200, 3600, 3700
Distribution Layer Router
Cisco 2600XM/2691
Cisco 3700Cisco 3600
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• Routers which are used by the Global ISPs
and are also known as Backbone Routers
Router Series : 6400, 7200, 7300, 7400, 7500, 7600,
10000, 12000
Core Layer Router
Cisco 7000
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Router Classification
• Fixed Router are just
like a branded PC
where modification of
interfaces is not
possible
• Access Layer Routers
are example of Fixed
Router except 1600
and 1700 series
• Modular Router are just
like a Assembled PC
where modification of
interfaces is possible
• Distribution and Core
Layer Routers example
of Modular Router
FIXED ROUTER MODULAR ROUTER
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Example Modular Router
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Model 2501
Serial PortsS0 and S1
AUIAttachment
Unit InterfaceE0
ConsoleCon 0
AuxiliaryAux 0
Power Switch
Power Supply
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• AUI pin configuration is 15 pin female.
• It is known as Ethernet Port or LAN port or
Default Gateway.
• It is used for connecting LAN to the Router.
• Transceiver is used for converting 8 wires to 15 wires.
i.e. RJ45 to 15 pin converter.
Attachment Unit Interface
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Transceiver
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E0 192.168.1.150/24
LAN - 192.168.1.0/24
1.1 1.2 1.3
An IP address needs to be assigned to this interface and it should be in the same network as of the LAN.
An IP address needs to be assigned to this interface and it should be in the same network as of the LAN.
Attachment Unit Interface
Straight Cable
Straight Cable
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E0 192.168.1.150/24
Attachment Unit Interface
Cross Cable
If you connect Router AUI to directly to PC NIC Card then You have to use Cross Cable
If you connect Router AUI to directly to PC NIC Card then You have to use Cross Cable
LAN - 192.168.1.0/24
1.1
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678
12345678
Crimping of Twisted pair Cable
• Straight cable
It is used between unlike device (dissimilar devices)
e.g. Hub to PC, Switch to PC, Hub to Router
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Crimping of Twisted pair Cable
• Cross cable
It is used between like device (Similar devices)
e.g. Hub to HUB, PC to PC, Switch to Switch, HUB to
Switch, PC to Router
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678
12345678
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Crimping of Twisted pair Cable
• Rollover Cable
It is used for connecting Router Console Port to PC
Com Ports or Serial ports.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678
12345678
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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• Serial pin configuration is 60 pin configuration
female (i.e. 15 pins and 4 rows) and Smart Serial pin
configuration is 26 pin configuration female.
• It is known as WAN Port
• It is used for connecting to Remote Locations
• V.35 cable is having 60 pin configuration male at one
end and on the other end 18 pin configuration male.
Serial Port
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V.35 Cable
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EXCHANGE
E0 192.168.1.150
LAN - 192.168.1.0/24
HYDERABAD OFFICE
E0 192.168.2.150
LAN - 192.168.2.0/24
CHENNAIMUX
2 pair of Copper Wire
G.703 Modem
G.703Modem
HYDERABADMUX
CHENNAI OFFICE
Fiber Optic Cable
V.35 Cable
V.35 Cable
V.35 Modem
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• It is known as Local Administrative Port
• It is generally used for Initial Configuration,
Password Recovery and Local Administration of the
Router. It is RJ45 Port
• IMP : It is the most delicate port on the Router. So
make less use of the Console Port.
Console Port
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Console Connectivity
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Console Connectivity
• Connect a rollover cable to the router console port (RJ-45 connector).
• Connect the other end of the rollover cable to the RJ-45 to DB-9 converter
• Attach the female DB-9 converter to a PC Serial Port.
• Open Emulation Software
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DB9 Converter
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• It is known as Remote Administrative Port.
• Used for remote administration
• Its an RJ-45 port
• A console or a rollover cable is to be used.
Auxiliary Port
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Auxiliary Connectivity
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• BRI Port
Basic Rate Interface used to connect ISDN to the
Router. It is a RJ45 Port. It is available on 2503 and
2520 model router.
• 10 Base T Port
It is a RJ45 Port and used for connecting LAN to the
Router. Its function is same as the AUI Port but there
is no need for a Transceiver. It is available on 2520
model router.
Other Ports
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2601 Model Router
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• WAN interfaces– Serial interface (S0, S1 etc) – 60 pin/26 pin(smart serial)– ISDN interface(BRI0 etc) – RJ45
• LAN interfaces - Ethernet– AUI (Attachment Unit Interface) (E0)– 15 pin– 10baseT – RJ45
• Administration interfaces– Console – RJ45 - Local– Auxiliary – RJ45 - Remote
Brief Overview
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• ROM
A bootstrap program is located here. It is same as
the BIOS of the PC. Bootstrap program current
version is 11.0
• Flash
Internetwork Operating System (IOS) developed
by Cisco is stored here. IOS is Command line
interface.
Internal Components
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• NVRAM
Non volatile RAM, similar to Hard Disk
It is also known as Permanent Storage or Startup
Configuration. Generally size of NVRAM is 32 KB.
• RAM
It is also known as Temporary Storage or running
Configuration. Minimum size of RAM is 2MB. The size of
RAM is greater than NVRAM in the Router.
• Processor
Motorola Processor 70 Mhz, RISC based processor
(Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
Internal Components
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Internal Components
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Boot sequence
POST
ROM
FLASH
NVRAM
RAM
Power on Self Test (verifies) the hardware
Power on Self Test (verifies) the hardware
Contact the ROM Loads the Bootstrap Program& Search where IOS is located
Contact the ROM Loads the Bootstrap Program& Search where IOS is located
IOS found in FlashLoading IOS
IOS found in FlashLoading IOS
Flash contacts the NVRAM For Configuration File
Flash contacts the NVRAM For Configuration File
NVRAM configuration copied into RAM
NVRAM configuration copied into RAM
