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Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integrals of Exponential Functions
Citation preview
Integration
BY
J. MBEDU
7.1 - Antiderivatives
If F(x) = 10x, then F’(x) = 10. F(x) is the antiderivative of f(x) = 10
If F(x) = x2, F’(x) = 2x. F(x) is the antiderivative of f(x) = 2x
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 2
Antiderivatives
Find the antiderivative of f(x) = 5x4
Work backwards (from finding the derivative)
The antiderivative of f(x)=F’(x) is x5
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 3
Antiderivatives
In the example we just did, we know that F(x) = x2 is not the only function whose derivative is f(x) = 2x
G(x) = x2 + 2 has 2x as the derivative
H(x) = x2 – 7 has 2x as the derivative
For any real number, C, the function F(x)=x2 + C has f(x) as an antiderivative
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 4
7.1 - Antiderivatives
There is a whole family of functions having 2x as an antiderivative
This family differs only by a constant
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 5
7.1 - Antiderivatives
Since the functions
G(x) = x2 F(x) = x2 + 2 H(x) = x2 – 7 differ only by a constant, the slope of the tangent line remains the same
The family of antiderivatives can be represented by F(x) + C
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 6
7.1 - Antiderivatives
The family of all antiderivaties of f is indicated by
f(x)dxIntegral sign Integrand
This is called the indefinite integral and is the most general antiderivative of f
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 7
7.1 - Antiderivatives
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 8
Example
Using this new notation, the dx means the integral of f(x) with respect to x
If we write a gets treated as a constant and x as the variable
If we write x gets treated as the constant
22ax dx x C
2 22ax da a x C xa C
22ax dx a(2x)dx ax C
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 9
Finding the Antiderivative
Finding the antiderivative is the reverse of finding the derivative. Therefore, the rules for derivatives leads to a rule for antiderivatives
Example:
So
5 4dx 5x
dx
4 55x dx x C 22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 10
Rules for Antiderivatives
Power Rule:
Ex:
Ex:
1
1
( 1 exp
1
)
n
n
for any real number n
add to the onent and divide by that num
xx dx C
n
ber3
341
3 1 4
t
t dt
Ct
12
2
11
1
t
Ct
dt t dt Ct
You can always check your answers by taking the derivative!
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 11
FOR YOU
1.
2.
u du3
22
3u C
dx x C
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 12
Rules for Finding Antiderivatives
Constant Multiple and Sum/Difference:
( ) ( )
k f x dx k f x dx
for any real number k
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )f x g x dx f x g x dx
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 13
Examples
43
3
4
2 24
2
2
v
vv C
v
vv
d
d C
You do:
5
12dz
z4
3C
z
23 4 5z z dz 3 22 5z z z C
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 14
Example
2
1 1
2 2
1xdx
x x
2 1xx
2 1x
dxx x
3 1
2 2x x dx
Now that we have rewritten the integral, we can find the antiderivative
5 1
2 2
5 1
2 2
x xC
5 1
2 22
25
x x C
First, rewrite the integrand
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 15
Recall
Previous learning:
If f(x) = ex then f’(x) = ex
If f(x) = ax then f’(x) = (ln a)ax
If f(x) = ekx then f’(x) = kekx
If f(x) = akx then f’(x) = k(ln a)akx
This leads to the following formulas:
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 16
Indefinite Integrals of Exponential
Functions
, 0
ln
, 0(ln )
x x
kxkx
xx
kxkx
e dx e C
ee dx C k
ka
a dx Caa
a dx C kk a
This comes from the chart on P. 434
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 17
Examples
9 99 t t te dt e dt e C 9
9
9
tt e
e dt C
55 443 3
5
4
uu e
e du C
55
4443
5
12
5
u ue e CC
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 18
You Do
52 x dx
52
5(ln2)
x
C
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 19
Indefinite Integral of x-1
Note: if x takes on a negative value, then lnx will be undefined. The absolute value sign keeps that from happening.
1 1lnx dx dx x C
x
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 20
Example
4l1
n4
4dx dxx
xx
C
You Do:
25 xe dxx
21
5ln2
xx e C
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 21
Example
looks like the chain rule and product rule.
But using differentials and substitution we’ll find the antiderivative
43 22x 1 6x dx
4 43 2 3 22x 1 6x dx 2x 1 6x dx
u du
4 = u du22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 22
Example Con’t
Now use the power rule
Substitute (2x3 + 1) back in for u:
4 u du5u
C5
43 2
53
2x 1 6x dx2x 1
C5
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 23
You Do
Find
723x 4 6xdx
726x 3x 4 dx
7u du u du
87 u
u du C8
823x 4C
8
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 24
Choosing u
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 25
du
We haven’t needed the du in the past 2 problems, but that’s not always the case. The du happened to have already appeared in the previous examples.
Remember, du is the derivative of u.
43 22x 1 6x dx
723x 4 6xdx22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 26
Example
Find
Let u = x3 + 1, then du = 3x2dx
There’s an x2 in the problem but no 3x2, so we need to multiply by 3
Multiplying by 3 changes the problem, so we need to counteract that 3 by also multiplying by 1/3
2 3x x 1dx
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 27
Example
3 21x 1 3x dx
3
2 3 2 31x x 1 dx 3x x 1 dx
3
1
21 1u du u du
3 3
33 322 21 u 1 2 2
C u C u C33 3 3 92
3
3 22x 1 C
9
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 28
Example
Find
u = x2 + 6x, so du = (2x + 6)
22
x 3dx
x 6x
2 22 2
x 3 2 x 31dx dx
2x 6x x 6x
2
1 du
2 u
121 1 u 1
u du C C2 2 1 2u
2
1C
2 x 6x
22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 29
THANK YOU
THE END22 FEBRUARY 2014 201246302 J.MBEDU 30