DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGYALLAHABAD SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE

SAM HIGGINBOTTOM INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES

[Formerly-Allahabad Agricultural Institute](Deemed-to-be-University)

ALLAHABAD- 211007, U.P., INDIA 

PRESENTATION ON

“INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT ON OKRA (ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS L. MOENCH)

SUBMMITED BY,RAKESH KR. MEENA

SUBMITTED TO,

DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY

OKRAB.N.:- Abelmoschus esculentus L. MoenchFamily :- MalvaceaeOrigin :- Africa

Participation Area (mt)

Production(mt)

Productivity (ton/ha)

World 1147.95 7896 6.90

India 498 5784 11.60

Madhya Pradesh

25.74 297 11.5

Anonymous, 2012-13

TOTAL AREA PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY

Major insect pest of okra

S.N.

Common Name

Scientific name Order Family

1 Shoot and fruit borer

Earias vittella Fabricius Earias insulana Boisduval

Lepidoptera Noctuidae

2 Jassid Amarasca biguttula biguttula Ishida

Hemiptera Cicadellidae

3 Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius

Hemiptera Aleyrodidae

4 Aphid Aphis gossypii Glover Hemiptera Aphididae

5 Red cotton bug

Dysdercus cingulatus Fabricius

Hemiptera Pyrrhocoridae

1. Okra shoot and fruit borer

Scientific name- Earias vittella Fabricius Earias insulana Boisduval Order- Lepidoptera Family- Noctuidae

Adult of Earias vittella Fabricius

Mark of identification :-1. The moth of Earias vittella white fore wing with a green streak on each of than

while the Earias insulana completely green.2. The moth of both has a wing expansion of about 25 mm. Full grown larvae are 20-

25 mm in long.3. E. insulana larva has cream colour body and no. of orange dots on prothorax. Are

present.

www.shootandfruitborer.in

E. Vittella•Egg: Sculptured egg and sky blue in colour

Larva –brownish with white streaks dorsally and pale yellow ventrally.

Adult–Forewing – pale with a wedge shaped green band in the middle.

www.shootandfruitborer.in

E. insulanaLarva – Brown with dorsum showing a white median longitudinal streak.

Pupa – Brown and boat shaped.

Adult–  Forewing – uniformly silvery green

Earias insulanawww.earias insulana.in

Nature of damage:-

1. The damage caused by the larvae.2. Which bore into the growing shoot buds, flowers, and fruits and feed on the

internal contents.3. The infested shoots wither, droop and die.4. The infested fruits appear deformed and show holes on them plugged with

excreta 5. Due to larval feeding and presence of excreta inside, the fruit become unfit for

human consumption.

Larvae of Okra shoot and fruit borer Damage symptom fruit of Okra

Life cycle:-

Female moth lays eggs singly on the flower buds, bract, leaves and fruits during night.

A female lays 200-400 eggs in her life time.

The eggs hatch in 2-10 days.

The full-grown larvae pupate either on the plant or on the ground among the fallen leaves in dirty white boat-shaped cocoon of tough silk .

The pupal period lasts for 7-16 days.

A year 7-12 generation have been reported.

Life cycle of Earias vittella

14-21 days

Adult

Pupa

larva

Egg

2-10 days2-4 days

7-14 days

http.www.eariasvittella lifecycle.in

Life cycle

Marks of identification:-The nymphs are pale green in colour . The adults measuring 3.5mm length are wedge shaped, pale green colour with a black spot on each forewing and two spots on vertex of the head. Nature of damage:- The damage is caused by both nymphs and adult which suck the sap from the under surface of leaves, the infected leaves turn yellow, dry up along the margins and become brownish in colour.

Scientific name-Amarasca biguttula biguttula Ishida

Order- Hemiptera

Family- Cicadellidae

Okra leaf hopper

2. JASSID

www.jassid.in

1. The female hopper insects about 15 eggs inside leaf veins and the incubation period range from 4 to 11 days.

2. The nymph become full grown in 7 to 25 days depending upon climatic conditions. 3. The life cycle is completed in 15 to 16 days. 4. The completes 7 to 11 generation in a year.

Life cycle:-

Life cycle of Amarasca biguttula biguttula Ishida

4-11 days

7-9 days

2-3 days egg

adult nymphwww.aphidlifecycle.in

Life cycle

Marks of identification:-Adult are small, yellow with hyaline wings dusted with waxy

powder, nymphs are tiny, crawl on leaf surface and secrets honey dew.Nature of damage:- Both nymph and adults this pest causes damage in two ways; (a) vitality of the plant is lowered through the loss of cell sap (b) normal photosynthesis is interfered due to growth of a sooty mould on the honey dew extruded by the insect.

Scientific name - Bemisia tabaci Gennadius Order – Hemiptera Family - Aleyrodidae

Adult of Okra white fly

3. WHITEFLY

www.whitefly.in

Life cycle:-

1 Female lays about 125 eggs during her life.

2. Which hatch in 3 to 5 days in summer and 5 to 33 days in winter.

3. The nymphs on emergence suck the cell sap from the under surface of leaves and grow into three stages to form the pupae with 9 to 14 days in summer and 17 to 33 days in winter.

4. The pupal period lasts for 2 to 8 days.

5. Total life cycle completes with in 14 to 107 days depending on weather condition.

6. There are 10 to 12 overlapping generations per year.

www.whitefly.life cycle

Marks of identification :Adult are small 2 mm long, yellow, green or black in colour soft-bodied insects.They are provided with a pair or small tubular structure projecting out from dorsal surface of the posterior region of the body known as cornicals.

Nature of damage Both nymph and adults suck the cell sap from the under surface of the leaves in very large numbers.Severe infestation result in curling of leaves. Stunted growth and gradual drying up resulting into death of young plants.

Scientific name- Aphis gossypii Glover Order- Hemiptera Family- Aphididae

Okra Aphid

4. APHID

www.aphid.in

Life cycle:-

1 The alate as well as rapturous females multiply parthenogenesis and viviparity.

2 A female usually produces 8 to 22 nymphs per day.

3 Which become adult within 7 to 9 days.

4 They are green or brown in colour.

5 Adult is 2 mm. long and yellow green or black in colour with a pair of

cornicles on the abdomen.

6 Adults may be winged or wingless.

7 life cycle span 7-10 days.

8 many generation in a year. ( Tembhare, 2009)

Marks of Identification:- The adult insect is about 15 mm long, the male slightly shorter than the female. The body is predominantly red with transverse white marking on the ventral surface. The forewings are half (anterior) reddish brown with a black dot each and, the hind wings are entirely black. The eyes, antennae and legs are

blackish. Nature of damage :-Both nymphs and adults suck the leaf and fruit sap. The plants become weak and stunted, the leaves and fruits may curl up.

Scientific Name – Dysdercus cingulatus Fabricius Order- Hemiptera

Family- Pyrrhocoridae

Adult of red cotton bug

5. RED COTTON BUG

www.rcb.in

Life cycle:-The eggs are laid in clusters of 80-100 in cracks of the soil or dry

leaves near the plants. The nymphs hatch out in about 7 days and become adults in 40-85 days. The red coloured nymphs are marked by a row of 3 black spots in the middle of the abdomen and 3 white spots on either margin of it.

Okra red cotton bug www.rcb.lifecycle

It is a pest management system that, in the context of associated environment and population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible a manner as possible and maintains pest population at levels below those causing economic injury. It is not simply the superimposition of two control techniques but the integration of all suitable management techniques with the natural regulating and limiting elements of the environment. (FAO,1967)

Tools of IPM :- 1. Cultural practice:2. Mechanical & Physical 3. Biological control4. Chemical control:

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT ON OKRA

.1. Removal of alternate host plant near the okra field will help in minimizing the

infestation of shoot and fruit borer.

2. Destruction of alternate wild and cultivated hosts will help in minimizing the infestation of white fly.

3. Use of resistance varieties like pusa makhmali, HB-55 kalyanpur Boni etc. for okra shoot and fruit borer .

4. Use of resistant variety like IIHR-4, Punjab-7, AE-30, etc for jassid.

5 Use of resistant variety like Perkins long green, Parbhani Kranti, Namaun, AE-22, HB-7 etc. for whitefly.

6. Intercropping with leguminous crops, such as cowpea prevents pest appearance in okra for jassid and aphid.

CULTURAL PRACTICE

8. Mass killing of the nymphs and adults by hand picking.

9. Ploughing the field to destroy the eggs.

10. Use of resistant variety like IIHR-4, Punjab-7, AE-30, etc. for Red Cotton Bug.

CULTURAL PRACTICES

Such measures involves the use of physical components of environment for the use of labour with or without the help of special equipment. Such measures give quick result there for these are popular among the farmers but it is laborious and time consuming and not possible on large scale. The important components are as follow:- 1. Damaged fruit should be regularly removed and buried deep into the soil to

minimize the build up of pest population.

2. Installation of pheromone traps @ 12/ha against okra shoot and fruit borer .

3. Use of light traps @ 1/ha against okra shoot and fruit borer.

4. Using yellow sticky traps for whitefly and Aphid.

MECHANICAL & PHYSICAL

1. Release of Trichogramma chilonis eggs @1lakh/ha with start of incidence of the pest against okra shoot and fruit borer.(Raja,1999 )

2. The coccinellid beetles (Coccinella septumpunctata and Menochilus sexmacuiatus ) and chrysoperlla are some common insects found to be predaceous on this pest against aphid. (Jazem A. Mahyoub, 2013)

3. Spray of NSKE 4% against aphids. (krishnamoorathy, 2012 ) 4. Chrysoperlla zastrowi sillemi @75000 1st instar larvae /ha .

(Janghel M and Mishra BK, 2015)

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

1. Alternate spray of deltamethrin 10% EC @ 10 gm a.i./ ha against shoot and fruit borer. Waiting period after sprying of insecticide is 5 days.

2. Emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 240g/ ha against shoot and fruit borer.

3. 2-3 Spray of Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 1 ml/ 5 liter water. Waiting period after sprying of insecticide is 3-5 days. (Ghosal A, 2013)

4. 2-3 Spray of spinosad 45 SC @ 1 ml/ 3 liter water against jassid Waiting period after sprying of insecticide is 5 days.(Kumar S, 2015)

5. Cypermethrin or permethrin 0.005%/ ha provide effective protection of the against this noxious pest. against shoot and fruit borer. Waiting period after sprying of insecticide is 5 days. (Shardana HR and Kumar S, 2006)

6. 2-3 Spray of spinosad 45 SC @ 1 ml/ 3 liter water against whity fly. 7. .Application of granular systemic insecticides like Phorate 10G or Carbofuran 3G @

1.0 – 1.5 kg a.i./ ha in furrows at planting has been found effective for 45 – 60 days. Waiting period after sprying of insecticide is 4-5 days.

CHEMICAL CONTROL

Ghosal Abhijit and Chatterjee ML. 2013. Bioefficacy of imidacloprid 17.8 SL against whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in brinjal. The Journal of Plant Protection Sciences 5(1) : 37-41.

Ghosh SK and Chakraborty K. 2015. Integrated field management of jassid (Amrasca biguttula biguttula, Ishida) infesting ladysfinger (Abelmoschus esculentus L. ). International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology 4 (2) 459 – 467.

Janghel M, Mishra Ipsita and Mishra BK. 2015. Evaluation of Different Bio Pesticides Against the Aphid in Okra at Bhubaneswar. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture & Environmental Science 15 (4) : 694-698.

Tembhare DB. 2009. Modern Entomology. P No.524.

Dhaliwal GS. and Arora Ramesh. 2006. Principles of insect pest management. P No.70-95.

REFERENCE

Whitefly population dynamics in okra plantations, Whitefly population dynamics in okra plantations

Anonymous, 2004, District wise estimated area and production of Horticultural crops, Directorate of Horticulture, Gujarat, Gandhinagar.

Anonymous, 2007, Patel, A.R., 1998, Biology of shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella (Fab.) and

evaluation of time based schedules of insecticides against pest complex of okra grown for seed production. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, B.A.C.A., Anand, Gujarat Agric. Univ., Sardar Krushinagar (India). Ghosh S. and Kaushik Chakraborty Department of Agricultural Entomology, B.C.K.V. (Agricultural University), AINP on Agril. Acarology, Directorate of Research, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal. Germano Lead Demolin Leite Marcelo Picanço Gulab Newandra Jham

and Márcio Dionízio Moreira Whitefly population dynamics in okra plantations

www.ipmpakage.inwww.aphid.inwww.rcb.inwww.whitefly.inwww.jassid.inwww.shootandfruitborer.inwww.okrainsectipm.inwww.okramajorinsectpect.inwww.okrachemicalcontrol.inwww.okrabiologicalcontrol.in

Internet link

Thank You