Infertility of sow and rabbit

Prepared by Nur Ariani binti DzulkarnainBR12110082

1.0 INTRODUCTION• In sow, there are possibility that sow is facing

seasonally infertility especially during summer and autumn.

• Reduction in fertility in pigs in the summer and early autumn has been reported in many countries and appears to manifest as a range of problems.

• In the other hand, rabbits under suitable husbandry conditions and good nutrition, rabbits are prolific breeders.

• However, there are a number of non-infectious and infectious diseases of rabbits that have a specific effect on the reproductive system.

2.0 FACTORS AFFECTING THE INFERTILITY OF SOW

• Any investigation of herd fertility needs to begin with an evaluation of the problem which requires an initial understanding of the history of the problem and examination of the records which may be presented in various ways.

• The problem can be categories as anoestrus; conception failure and pregnancy failure.

2.1ANOESTRUS• Anostrus is an absence of estrous behavior

that is standing to a boar or to the riding test.– inevitable at certain stages in a sow’s life such as

before puberty, during pregnancy and lactation. • However, it can be one of the commonest

reproductive disorders of sow and gilts if not clarify that the problem is truly one of the anoestrus and not simply inadequate estrous detection.

Investigation and treatment of anoestrus

• There are three method to investigate the situation further after obtain the records from the previous observation on the sow. – ovarian function tests; – post-mortem examination; and – realtime ultrasound.

• In serious cases where ovaries are truly inactive, it may be worth considering hormone therapy as a means of restoring the cyclical activity. – a combination of equine chorionic gonadotrophin

(sCG) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG).

2.2 CONCEPTION FAILURE• Defined as viable ova did not come into contact

with viable spermatozoa at the appropriate time which is either total conception failure (regular return to service) or partial conception failure (reduction in litter size).

• ‘A single mating at the appropriate stage of estrus should be sufficient to get a high proportion of ova fertilized at the optimum time to ensure a high embryonic survival rate and large litter size at birth’- Lynch and O’Grady (1984).– Inappropriate timing of service results in conception

failure.

2.3 PREGNANCY FAILURE

• Failure to establish pregnancy.– Unattached conceptuses within the uterus are

susceptible to damage by many factors.• Failure of an established pregnancy.

– Death of conceptuses during the embryonic stage tends to result in resorption if abortion does not occur.

3.0 INFECTIOUS CAUSES OF INFERTILITY IN SOWS

• There are mainly nine viruses that can cause reproductive disease such as – Aujeszky's disease (AD) virus or pseudorabies virus (PRV); – Porcine parvovirus (PPV); – Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

(PRRS); – Classical swine fever virus (CSF); – Swine influenza virus (SI); – Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV); – border disease virus (BDV); – enterovirus (SMEDI); and – Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV).

4.0 REPRODUCTIVE DISEASE AND INFERTILITY OF RABBIT

• Non-infectious factors.– Environment: heatstroke, ultrasound and lighting.– Nutrition: Pregnancy toxaemia (Ketosis).

• combination of inappropriate diet, fetal load, inability to ingest sufficient feed and perhaps exacerbating stress factors.

• Signs include loss of appetite, dullness of eyes, sluggishness, difficulty breathing, and lying down.

– Neoplasia: Uterine adenocarcinoma• a gland-like, malignant type of tumor that arises from the

secretory tissue that lines the inner cavity of the uterus.

Cont.• Infectious disease.

– Rabbit syphylis• caused by the organism Treponema cuniculi and

affects both sexes. • Small blisters or slow-healing sores are formed,

which then become covered with a heavy scab which usually are confined to the genital region, but the lips and eyelids may also be involved.

– Pasteurellosis• Pasteurella multocida is a frequent bacterial

pathogen of rabbits and cause genital infections.• The only sign of an infection in the uterus may be a

thick, yellowish-gray vaginal discharge.

5.0 CONCLUSION• Generally, fertility of animals is very important

to produce a continuous offspring and increase the production of the animals.

• Thus, good managements and practices some how can reduce the infertility of sow and rabbit.

• However, early detection of infertile animals could also reduce any possibility to breed them and reduce any costs of services.

6.0 REFERENCES• Meredith, M. J., (1984), Pig News Info., 5, 213.• Muirhead, M. R., (1976), Proc. Pig Vet. Soc., 1, 49.• Sandford, J. C. (1996), The Domestic Rabbit, 5th ed. Oxford:

Blackwell Scientific.• Schilling, E. and Cerne, F. (1972), Vet. Rec., 91, 471.• van der Meulen, J., Helmond, F. A. and Oudenaarden, C.P.J.,

(1987), Proc. Dutch Federation Meeting, Nijmegen, Holland, p. 320.

• Weisbroth, S. H., Flatt, R. E., and Kraus, A. L., (1974), The Biology of the Laboratory Rabbit. Orlando, Florida: Academic.

• Wilson, M.R. and Love, R.J., (1986), Proc. 9th IPVS Congr., p. 21.

• Wrathall, A.E., (1975), Reproductive Disorders in the Pig, Review Series No. 11. Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Health.

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