VAISAKH. GFRM MA 1 05

RESOURCES LENGTH / AREA

Rivers and Irrigation canal 1,91,024 km(195000)

Ponds and Tanks 2.14 m ha

Reservoirs 3.15 m ha

Upland Lakes 0.72 m ha

Brackish water 1.24 m ha

Flood plain wetland 0.35 m ha

Estuaries 0.3 m ha

Max total water bodies – odisha (9.8 L ha)

AP (8.11 L Ha)Karnataka – 7.4 L haTamil Nadu – 6.9 L haWest Bengal – 5.45 L ha

RIVERINE RESOURCES

• A river is a natural watercourse usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, a lake, a sea, or another river. In a few cases, a river simply flows into the ground or dries up completely before reaching another body of water.

• 5 Major river systems in India.• The Ganga, the Brahmaputra, the Indus, the

east coast, and theWest coast river systems.

RIVERSYSTEM

LENGTH(KM)

CATCHMENT AREA(SQ KM)

FISHES

GANGA 8047 96.6 m ha 265 Sp; Schizothorax sp, mahaseers, cat fishes(siluridae), Labeo sp, Feather backs etc Gangetic Major carps inlower stretches

BRAHMAPUTRA 4027 5,80,000 126 sp; Tor sp, chocolate mahseer, Bagarius sp:, catfishes, major carps, hilsa etc.Middle – catfishes dominates

INDUS --- ---- JHELUM - commercial fishery Brown trout, common carps, loaches, Labeo dero etc

EAST COAST1.MAHANADI

2.GODAVARI

3.KRISHNA

4.CAUVERY

6437857

1465

1280

850

1,41,600

233229

SIMILAR TO GANGA. Hilsa at lower reaches

Carps, Large Cat fishes, FWprawn

Dam construction affect fisheries.

Tor sp: and cat fishes

WESTCOAST

1.NARMADA

2.TAPTI

3380

1312

720

94235

48000

Mahseer, Labeo sp, Wallago attu, channa sp etc

Mahseer, Labeo kalbasu, Mystus sp, Wallago attu.

IRRIGATION CANALS RICH IN FISHERY RESOURCES AUCTIONED ANNUALLY IN RAJASTHAN,

MADHYAPRADESH, UP AND OTHER STATES. GOOD SOURCE OF FINGERLINGS AND BROOD

STOCKS.

LACUSTRINE RESOURCES

• Lakes, Ponds and Tanks.• LAKES : A body of standing water which are of

considerable expanse and deep enough to stratify thermally.(Multouskii)

A body of standing water occupying a basin and lacking continuity with the sea.(Forel).

• Lakes are classified based on origin, latitude etc.

• Ooty lake, Kodaikanal lake, Vercaud lake, lakes of Kumaon hill etc.

TANKS AND PONDS: Important fresh water aquaculture resources. Ponds and tanks are artificially created. Not deep enough for thermal stratification. Account for 2.41 m ha

RESREVOIR

HOW IT DIFFERS FROM LAKES????? ARTIFICIALLY CREATED, Man made lake Defined as, “large expanse of impounded

water artificially created by putting across a stream, an earthen or stone masonry or concrete bundh or dam.

Irrigation, power generation, flood control, recreation.

Fishery treated as a bye product.

Tamil nadu – more area of small reservoirs MP highest in total area, area of medium

reservoirs. Karnataka max number of large reservoir, area in

AP

TYPES AREA (ha) NUMBER

LARGE > 5000 56

MEDIUM 1000 – 5000 180

SMALL <1000 19134

ESTUARINE RESOURCES

ECOTONE OR BUFFER ZONE. Defined as, “a semi enclosed body of water which

has a far connection with the open sea and with in which sea water is diluted with fresh water derived from land drainages. (PILCHARD)

Ideal estuary right angled with sea shore almost rare.

Along east and the west coast.

By Ganges, Brahmaputra, Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, Mahanadi, Narmada, Tapti.

West coast – Kerala, Karnataka, Goa Sand bars at mouth, Horse shoe shaped FW dominated in SW monsoon and salt water in

summer Tidal amplitude decrease from north to south BRACKISH WATER 1.44 m ha West Bengal richest – 4,05,000 ha

COLD WATER FISHERY RESOURCES

Comprise of high altitude lakes, rivers, streams, their tributaries and reservoirs dammed across such rivers.

In India lakes and rivers above 914 msl qualify as cold water.

Fishable length of all hill streams of north western and eastern himalayas est: as 3200 km

FLOOD PLAIN WETLANDS

Dynamic ecosystem 12% of earth’s surface by wetlands , of this

15% is flood plain wetland. Flood plain includes the flatlands bordering

river basins and streams, that are subjected to periodic or permanent flooding, to lower stretches of river.

In India by Ganga, brahmaputra, and Barak Basins at middle or lower stretches.

Tal, Jheel, Maun, Chaur, boar, bheel, Pat etc

Flood plain wet land of Ganga – 26.2% of India, Brahmaputra – 5.9%

2 types – open (1 tonnes/ha/year) and closed (100 – 300 kg/ha/year Flood plain lakes and derilict water bodies

together forms .798 million ha.

LAGOONS, BACK WATERS AND ESTUARINE WETLANDS

Back water and lagoons - .19 m ha Lagoons – Chilka and pulicat Lake and

Vembanad Back waters. Estuarine wetlands includes floodplain lakes,

swamps, and brackish water farms (bheries) at lower margin of hooghly – Matla Estuary.

YEAR MARINE(M T)

INLAND(M T)

TOTAL(M T)

1950 – 51 0.53 0.21 0.752

2004 – 05 2.78 3.53 6.3

2005 – 06 2.81 3.75 6.57

2006 - 07 3.02 3.84 6.8

2007 - 08 2.92 4.20 7.12

2008 - 09 2.97 4.65 7.63

2009 - 10 3.07 4.93 8.00

INLAND CAPTURE FISHERIES – 0.8 M T 10% OF TOTAL FISH PRODUCTION FRESH WATER AQUACULTURE – 4.03 M T 50%OF TOTAL COLD WATER FISHERIES - .0003 M T (1%

0F INLAND)

WEST BENGAL – 13.23 L TONNES AP – 9.61 L TONNES UP – 3.49 L TONNES BIHAR – 3 L TONNES ODISHA – 2.35 L TONNES SIKKIM, DELHI, DADAR AND NAGAR

HAVELI, DAMAN & DUE ARE LEAST PRODUCERS.

15%

29%

7%8%

5%

5%

31% ANDHRA

W B

U P

BIHAR

ORISSA

ASSAM

OTHERS

RIVERINE FISHERIES

The total length of rivers and canals in India -191024 km. 14 major rivers , 44 medium rivers and innumerable small rivers and streams.

Ganga is the longest river (2525km)next Godavari (1465KM),Krishna(1401km)and Narmada (1312km)

U P (Including Uttaranchal) - largest extent of rivers (28500 km)next J& K(27781KM)

Yield of major rivers - 0.64 to 1.64 t/km (avg 1t/km)

RESERVOIR FISHERIESReservoirs form the largest inland fisheries resource in

terms of resource size . 56 large , 180 medium, 19134 small total 3.15 m ha.

Hirakud Reservoir is the largest reservoir in the country with an area of 74592 ha .

Peninsular states account for more than 56 % of the total area . 94% of the small and 34% of the reservoirs are here.

T N has the maximum number of reservoirs (8906) Karnataka(4679) and A P (2937)

Present fish production from reservoirs is estimated at 0.94 lakh t

Small reservoirs contribute the catches(74%)followed by the large (19%)medium(7%)

Average fish production of large and medium reservoirs is 13kg/ha(11- 15kg/ha) and that of small reservoirs is 50kg/ha

ACTUAL AND POTTENTIAL PRODUCTIONTYPE AREA (ha) PRESENT

PRODUCTION(Tonnes)

POTTENTIAL PRODUCTION(T)

SMALL

MEDIUM

LARGE

1,485,557

507,298

1,160,511

74200

6500

13000

743000

127000

116000

TOTAL 3,153,366 93,700 986,000

Average yield of open type wetlands is 1t/ha/yr. that of

closed type wetland is 100-300kg/ha/yr

Beels In Assam and West Bengal are most exploited wetlands.

Potential production level of beel is 1000 – 1500kg/ha/year.

Present level – 100 – 150 kg/ha/year

POTENTIAL OF FISH PRODUCTION ENHANCEMENT IN FLOOD PLAIN WETLANDS

STATE AREA(‘000 HA)

EXISTING PRODN(‘000 T)

POTTENTIAL(‘000T)

GAP(‘000T)

% increase

WB

ASSAM

BIHAR

0THER

42.5

100

40

192

9.56

12

4.8

1.49

53.15

95

30

15.78

43.59

83

25.2

14.29

455.96

691.67

525.00

959.06

TOTAL 526.5 50.65 307.93 257.28 507.96

AVG YIELD- 45-75 kg/ha/yr

LARGEST(2340sq.km), RICHEST SURROUNDS THE SUNDERBAN DELTA 172 SP-99,HIGH SALINITY ZONE REMAINING IN FRESH WATER 50,000t FISH LANDED/annum 70%-high saline zone Fishery increase from 61194 T during 1998 – 99 to 117639 t in 2010-11.(CIFRI)

MAX SUSTAINABLE YIELD-35674 t

FARAKKA BARRAGE-OVER GANGA,FISHERY BELOW BARRAGE INCREASED AND HILSA LANDINGS IN ESTUARY INCREASED

UPPER ZONE FISH NOW AT LOWER ZONE (FRESH WATER

Hilsa account to 15 – 20 % of total

C catla, L bata,Rita rita, W attu ,Clupisoma gauraEutropichthys vacha, Aorichthys spp and M rosenbergii

WIDE, BUT SALINE ZONE IS LESS(30-35 kms from sea)

RICH ,BUT LAND ONLY 500-600 t /a AND ARE NOT EASILY ACCESSIBLE

CATCHES- MULLETS, T ilisha ,SEA BASS, CAT FISHES,

THREAD FINS AND SCIAENIDS

Fishery declined to 110 t in2005 - 06

GODAVARY-18000 ha, PRODUCTION 500 t mullets, prawns,hilsa shad main resources

Contribution by branches are 3916 t and 3156.13 t

Hilsa much less but it is important

KRISHNA-smaller and catches by fresh water forms despite considerable reduction in flow ever since the construction of Nagarjunasagar and Srisailam

Yield in 2004 -05 is 496.1t CAUVERY- a fishery of mullets and prawns that

constitute 50%of catches , rest of clupeids, polynemids and seabass. Hilsa is insignificant

ANNUAL PRODN-4000 t PRAWNS MAJOR HILSA FISHERIES IN NARMADA NEEDS TO BE

OBSERVED FOR SOME TIME FOR ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS

TAPTI : 179.6 T IN 1999- 2000, major is Hilsa IN NARMADA decline in catch to 4866 T in 2007-

08(15319 t in 1993- 94) Avg annual fish yield is bw 11000 t and 14000

t.

Back waters and lagoons—0.19m ha2 large lagoons---Chilka & Pulicatt

lakeVembanad backwatersWest Bengal---estuarine wetlands Inland brackish waters– not

developed Haryana,Punjab,Rajasthan,Western U.P.

Richest resource Economy of Orissa Livelihood to 15,000 fishers-128 villages 906 km2 area(now 620 ) 3661 t fish (1957-65) 28%prawns,68.5% fish Increased fish(85%),Prawn(14%) –1993-94 Increase in yield to 9000 T in 2000 - 03

Miscellaneous fish and predators increased

Decline in quality fishes like mullets, prawns

16 species of fish comprise mullets, catfishes, sciaenids, perches

4 species of Penaeid prawns and 2 species of crabs

77,000 ha area 760-1370t of fish Mullets dominates Juveniles of different species of mullets Catch at peak in 1980s – 9000 t Declined to 4545 t and 3892 t in 2007-08

and 20008 – 09 resp.

30 interconnected back waters 46000ha area Vembanad---70,000ha Avg yield bw 1200- 8500 t Black clam – 31431 t 30,000 t fish from this area Pearl spot, mullets, Megalops,Sillago, Lutjanus,Tilapia, Prawns( 3 Species),clams

Shrimps Construction of barriage hinders euryhaline

sp from 2008.

Bheries W.B.----33,000 ha – annual contribution-

37000t of fish and prawn Avg yield- 775 – 1258 kg/ha/year Compatible species stocking –mullets

and shrimps Paddy and fish farming Estuaries and lagoons ---pollution and

destructive fishing Larval harvesting ---lead to low pdn Ranching pads----enhance fish pdn

UPLAND FISHERY RESOURCES

Comprises of 8253 km of rivers , 21900 ha of natural lakes , 29700 ha of reservoirs and 350 ha of ponds and tanks.

Resources widely distributed in J&K, H P, Uttaranchal and north eastern states .

Resources remain largely untapped due to lack of development and scientific efforts.

PRESENT STATUS OF INLAND FISHERIES

India - the second largest producer of inland fish in the world with a production of around 4.65 in 2008 – 09 and 4.93 mmt (2009 - 10)

The share of Inland fisheries sector to the total fish

production has gone up to over 61.6%at present.

West Bengal leads in Inland fish production (contributing to about 28% of the total production of the country)followed by Andhra(20%).(2008 - 09)

Currently ,aquaculture contributes to over 80%of the total inland fish production.

There are currently about 1400 inland fishing villages in the country.

INDIA IS SECOND LARGEST SHARE IN INLAND FISHERIES 46% IN 1980

AND OVER 80% IN RECET YEARS TEN FOLD GROWTH .37 MT IN 1980 TO 4.03 M T IN 2010 MAJOR CARP, CAT FISH, FRESH WATER

PRAWN ETC AP LEADING PRODUCER OF FRESH WATER

PRAWN 87%

INLAND CAPTURE NOW 0.8 MT 2012 – 0.9 MT 2020 – 1.2 MT FRESH WATER AQUACULTURE NOW 4.03 MT 2012- 5.73 MT 2020 – 7.5 MT

INLAND WATERS-LOW PRIORITY FOR FISHERIES

HABITAT DEGRADATION,LOW YIELDS

DAM CONSTRUCTION ,DRAINED WETLANDS,DEEPENING OF CHANNELS

LAKES-AFFECTED BY- SILTATION,EUTROPHICATION

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION,SPECIES INTRODUCTION

LIMITED SCOPE –CAPTURE-INLAND,EMPHASIS –CULTURE BASED FISHERIES-RESERVOIR&FLOOD PLAIN WETLANDS

CAPTURE FISHERIES Management of stocks in reservoirs Culture based fisheries 1.Stocking and selection of right species 2.Pen and cage culture technology Hill fishery resource assessment and

management Development of sport fisheries in hill areas Ecosystem based modelling approaches Fisheries co management and community

participation Fishing regulations that are feasible in

Inland

CULTURE FISHERIES

Increase in the coverage of areas of ponds and tanks for aquaculture practices

Increasing productivity of existing water bodies

Diversification and Intensification of culture practices

Research support for sustainable , eco-friendly , and techno-economically viable hatchery and culture systems

Aquaculture technologies for hill fisheries