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Republic of India (Bharat Ganrajya) India's basic information, etymology, geography, biodiversity, government, economy, brief history and culture
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Republic of India
(Bharat Ganrajya)
Basic Information
EtymologyGeographyBiodiversity
Government
EconomyHistoryCulture
CONTENT
Basic Informati
on
Motto: "Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit)"Truth Alone Triumphs"
Anthem: Jana Gana Mana"Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People"
National song: Vande Mataram"I Bow to Thee, Mother"
Capital: New Delhi
Largest city: Mumbai (population/area)
Official languages: Hindi, EnglishRecognized regional languages:Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu
Government: Federal parliamentaryconstitutional republic
Legislature: Parliament of India- Upper house: Rajya Sabha- Lower house: Lok SabhaIndependence from the United Kingdom
- Dominion: 15 August 1947- Republic: 26 January 1950
Flag of India
Official Emblem
Area controlled by India shown
in dark green. Theclaimed but uncontrolled
regions shown in
light green.
Etymology
Indus, originates from the Old Persian word Hinduš
Sindhu (Sanskrit word), historical local appellation for the Indus River
Indoi, term ancient Greeks used to refer to the Indians; translates as "the people of the Indus"
India
Bharat (geographical term), recognized by the Constitution of India as official name for the country; is used by many Indian languages in its variations
Hindustan, originally a Persian word; means "Land of the Hindus"
India
Geography
North◦China◦Nepal◦Bhutan
East◦Bangladesh ◦Myanmar◦Bay of Bengal
South◦Palk Strait◦Gulf of Mannār◦Indian Ocean
West◦Arabian Sea◦Pakistan
Bounded by:
Topographic Map of India
comprises the bulk of the Indian subcontinent
lies atop the minor Indian tectonic plate
India's coastline measures 7,517 kilometers (4,700 mi) in length
the Ganges ◦the Yamuna◦the Kosi
the Brahmaputra
Major Himalayan-origin rivers:
The Ganges in Varanasi
A view across the Brahmaputra near Sukleswar Ghat, Guwahati, Assam,
India
the Godavari
the Mahandithe Kaverithe Krishna
the Narmada
the Tapti
Major peninsular rivers
The Mouth of the Godavari
river emptying into
the Bay of Bengal.
The Mahandi
The river Kaveri in Kodagu, Karnataka
Krishna River Gorge
The Narmada river bank near Jabalpur
Tapti river at Haripura in Surat district
marshy Rann of Kutch of Western India
the alluvial Sundarbans delta of Eastern India
Coastal features
Rann of Kutch
Sundarbans
the Lakshadweepthe Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Archipelagos
Aerial view of the Agatti Airport in Lakshadweep
Aerial view of Andaman Islands
strongly influenced by:◦Himalayas ◦Thar Desert
Indian Climate
It lies within the Himalayan mountain system, which forms part of India’s northern border.
Karakoram Range in the Himalayas
As seen in Rajasthan, IndiaThar Desert
tropical wettropical drysubtropical humidmontane
Four major climatic groupings:
Biodiversity
contains three biodiversity hotspots
one of 17 megadiverse countries
hosts 8.6% of all mammalian, 13.7% of all avian, 7.9% of all reptilian, 6% of all amphibian, 12.2% of all piscine, and 6.0% of all flowering plant species
habitat ranges from the tropical rainforest to coniferous forest
also include moist deciduous sal forests, dry deciduous teak forests and babul-dominated thorn forest
contains 172 IUCN-designated threatened species
The Gīr National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary in Gujarāt, India, is the only remaining
habitat of the Asiatic lion, a species that was nearly extinct in the early 1900s.
Asiatic Lion
Bengal tigerA Bengal tiger at
Bandhavgarh National Park
Indian white-rumped vultureNearly went extinct by ingesting the
carrion of diclofenac-laced cattle
human encroachment of recent decades has critically endangered wildlife
1972-India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act and Project Tiger to safeguard crucial wilderness
1980-Forest Conservation Act was enacted
1988-amendments added in Forest Conservation Act
Government
federation with a parliamentary system governed under the Constitution of India
a constitutional republic and representative democracy
federalism defines power distribution
federal government comprises three branches:◦ExecutivePresident-head of statePrime Minister-head of government
consists of the president, the vice-president, and the Council of Ministers headed by the prime minister
Pranab Mukherjee
Current President of India
Manmohan Singh
Current Prime
Minister of India
The Rashtrapati Bhavan is the official residence of the president of India.
◦Legislativebicameral parliamentoperates under a Westminster-style parliamentary system
comprises of: the upper house called the Rajya Sabha ("Council of States") with 245 members
the lower called the Lok Sabha ("House of the People")with 545 members
◦Judicialhas a unitary three-tier independent judiciary
comprises of the Supreme Court, headed by the Chief Justice, 24 High Courts, and a large number of trial courts
History
2500 B.C.The Indus Valley civilization developed around the valley of the Indus River (now in Pakistan).
2000 B.C.The Indus Valley civilization collapsed.
Around 1500 B.C.The Aryan people invaded India from the north.
326 B.C.Alexander the Great of Macedon (northeastern Greece) crossed the Indus River into India.
A.D. 50Trade flourished between India and the Roman Empire.
320-550 India was ruled by the Gupta Empire.
1526The rule of the Mogul Empire began.
1600sHolland, Great Britain and France established key trading posts in India.
1638Mogul Emperor Shah Jahan began the construction of the Taj Mahal in memory of his wife Mumtaz.
1858The British had overthrown the Moguls and took control of India.
1915 Mohandas Gandhi launched a campaign of nonviolent resistance against the British rule in India.
1947 India gained its independence from the British and was divided into two countries, India and Muslim-controlled Pakistan.
1948Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated.
1966 Indira Gandhi (not related to Mahatma) became the Prime Minister and one of the first women elected to lead a nation.
1983 India won the cricket world cup.
1998 India tested its first nuclear weapon, one of only seven nations to have done so.
2000 India's population exceeded one billion.
2004–2005A series of natural disasters, including floods, earthquakes and tsunamis, brought destruction to southern coastal communities.
2007Pratibha Patil became the first female President of India.
Culture
Art and Architecture
LiteraturePerforming Arts
Motion Pictures
SocietyReligionClothingCuisine
Much of Indian architecture blends ancient local traditions with imported styles.
Art and architecture
Akshardham Temple in DelhiIt was completed in 2005 and one of
the largest Hindu temples in the world.
Chowmahalla Palace in Hyderabad
The famous jaali from the 16th-century Sidi Saiyyed mosque built by Ahmed Shah of
Gujarat, in Ahmedabad
The Jagannath TempleOne of the four holiest places (Char
Dhams) of Hinduism, in Puri, Odisha.
The North Block in New Delhi This houses key government offices,
built along with Lutyens' Delhi.
One of the world's most famous structures which Shah Jahan built as a memorial to his
wife.
The Taj Mahal in Agra
The earliest literary writings in India, composed between 1400 BCE and 1200 CE, were in the Sanskrit language.
Prominent works of this Sanskrit literature include epics as the Mahābhārata and the Ramayana, the dramas of Kālidāsa such as the Abhijñānaśākuntalam (The Recognition of Śakuntalā)
Literature
A 16th-century manuscript of the Mahabharata portrays a chariot fight between two related noble
families, the Kauravas and the Pandavas.
Mahabharata
In this painting, Radha and Krishna have met in a grove. The painting, (1780), is in the
Victoria and Albert Museum in London, England.
Radha and Krishna in the Grove
RamayanaRama seated with Sita, fanned by
Lakshmana, while Hanuman pays his respects.
Rama is shown here with his wife, Sita, in a bas-relief sculpture from a 9th-century Hindu
temple in Java, Indonesia.
Rama and Sita
The Recognition of Śakuntalā
Shakuntala writes to
Dushyanta
Kamasutra, the famous book about sexual intercourse also originated in India.
19th century-Indian writers took a new interest in social questions and psychological descriptions.
20th century-Indian literature was influenced by the works of Bengali poet and novelist Rabindranath Tagore
Rabindranath Tagore with Albert Einstein
Indian music ranges over various traditions and regional styles
Classical music encompasses two genres and their various folk offshoots: ◦northern Hindustani◦southern Carnatic schools
Indian dance also features diverse folk and classical forms
Performing arts
Theatre in India melds music, dance, and improvised or written dialogue
Indian dance also features diverse folk and classical forms
Theatre in India melds music, dance, and improvised or written dialogue
A Kuchipudi dance
performance is accompanied by Carnatic
vocalizations.
The Indian film industry produces the world's most-watched cinema.
Motion pictures
My Name is Khan
3 Idiots
Traditional Indian society is defined by social hierarchy.
Indian caste system embodies much of the social stratification and many of the social restrictions found in the Indian subcontinent.
Society
pervasive in Indiaencompasses non-Hindus as wellA caste (jati in Sanskrit) is a social class to which a person belongs at birth and which is ranked against other castes, typically on a continuum of perceived purity and pollution.
Caste System
In order of hierarchy◦Brahmins (priests and scholars)◦Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers)◦Vaisyas (merchants, farmers, and traders)
◦Sudras (laborers, including artisans, servants, and serfs).
◦Untouchables or Harijans (“People of God,” a term first used by Indian leader Mohandas Gandhi).
Indian Caste
System
Child marriages are common, especially in rural areas
many women in India wed before reaching 18
Almost all Hindu marriages in India are arranged
almost all arranged marriages occur between people of the same caste
only a handful of young people make “love marriages” across caste lines, and many suffer socially when they do so
DiwaliGanesh Chathurti
Thai PongalMakar Sankranti or Uttarayan
HoliDurga PujaChristmas Vaisakhi
Some Indian Festivals
popularly known as the "festival of lights"
a five-day Hindu festival involves the lighting of small clay lamps filled with oil to signify the triumph of good over evil
In the Gregorian calendar, Diwali falls between mid-October and mid-November
Deepavali or Diwali
Arrangement of diyas on Diwali night.
Hindu festival celebrated on the birthday (rebirth) of Lord Ganesha, the son of Shiva and Parvati
also known as Ganeshutsav (festival of Ganesh)
lasts for 10 daysthe date usually falls between 19 August and 20 September
Ganesha Chaturthi
A Ganesh Procession in Mumbai, India prior to immersion.
Ganesh Visarjan in Mumbai
a harvest festival celebrated in South India at the end of the harvest season
marks the beginning of the northward journey of the Sun from its southernmost-limit
coincides with the festival Makara Sankranthi
usually held from January 13–16 in the Gregorian calendar
Thai Pongal
Kolam decorations in front of house during Thai Pongal
Pongal being cooked in a city home.
one of the most auspicious occasions for the Hindus
a harvest festival perhaps the only Indian festival whose date always falls on the same day every year: 14 January, with some exceptions, when the festival is celebrated on 13 January or 15 January
also believed to mark the arrival of spring in India
Makar Sankranti
Colourful kites being
sold in a Shop
in Lucknow
a spring festival celebrated as a festival of colors
as per the Hindu calendar, Holi is celebrated on the Phalguna Purnima (Full Moon), which comes in February or March in the Gregorian Calendar
Holi
Colors Holi at a market in Mysore
Holi celebrations, Pushkar, Rajasthan
Group pose for a photo at a Holi celebration in
Vashi, Navi Mumbai, India
marks the victory of Goddess Durga over the evil buffalo demon Mahishasura
epitomizes the victory of Good over Evil
includes the worship of Shiva, who is Durga's consort (Durga is an aspect of Goddess Parvati)
Durga Puja
Durga Puja at Bagbazar Sarbajanin, North Kolkata.
a state holiday in India, although Christianity in India is a minority
in many of the schools that are run by the Christian missionaries, children actively participate in the program
in many non-religious schools, there is tradition of Christmas celebration
also known as bada din (the big day)
Christmas
also known as Baisakhi, Vaishakhi, or Vasakhi
a festival celebrated across the northern Indian subcontinent
usually celebrated on 13 April, and occasionally on 14 April, in the different regions across the world as the Sikhs migrated overseas
Vaisakhi
Sikh Vaisakhi parade
three national holidays:◦Republic Day◦Independence Day◦Gandhi Jayanti
Hinduism and Buddhism both originated here.
Most people in India practice Hinduism with Islam a distant second.
Other important religions include Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism.
Religion
Hinduism◦three main Hindu deities: BrahmāVishnuShiva
Buddhism◦major world religion, founded in northeastern India
◦based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama
Traditional Indian dress varies in color and style across regions and depends on various factors.
Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as the sari for women and the dhoti or lungi for men.
Clothing
Vidya Balan wearing silk sari
at a wedding
Sonakshi Sinha in salwar kameez
A fully embriodered pink ghagra
choli
A person togged in a
mundu
A lungi clad Oriya man in Baleswar,
Odisha
Sonu Nigam wearing
sherwani at his concert
Indian cuisine features an unsurpassed reliance on herbs and spices, with dishes often calling for the nuanced usage of a dozen or more condiments
Cuisine
Spices at a grocery shop in India
Lentils are a staple ingredient in Indian cuisine
India is also known for its tandoori preparations.
The tandoor, a clay oven used in India for almost 5,000 years, grills meats to an “uncommon succulence” and produces the puffy flatbread known as naan.
Bukharian Tandoor
naan
Tandoori chicken is a
popular grilled dish.
Pesarattu, a popular Andhra dish, served withkobbari pachadi (chutney
made using coconut)
Hyderabadi Biryani from the city of Hyderabad
Roasted stuffed Litti from Bihar
Palak paneer, a dish made from
spinach and paneer (cottage cheese)
Khaman is a popular Gujarati snack.
momo served in Tomato gravy
A bowl of thukpa
Saaga popular Kumauni dish from Uttarakhand is
made from any of the various green vegetables like spinach and fenugreek
Kadhi, a spicy north Indian dish
Poha, a popular breakfast dish in Maharashtra
Spicy fish from Kerala
An Indian restaurant in Singapore named Komala's Little India
Filmi3 Idiots “Zoobi Doobi”