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A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
A Study on the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human Settlement Development Pattern of
Jaffna Peninsula.
Thulasivarman. K072361 J
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
BACKGROUND• The Jaffna Lagoon Scheme is a solution for the problem of the
quality of freshwater that has occurred due to salinization and salt water intrusion.
• With the increase of the availability of fresh water, there is a potential for the increasing water catchment areas to 195 sq miles and agricultural lands to 17.5 sq miles
• At present, 20,000 acres of land is being cultivated
• After the project, there will be additional 11,000 acres extent of land for cultivation in another 15 years.
• It is expected that this project will make bigger impacts on the human settlement development pattern.
(Jaffna Lagoon Scheme 1982; District Annual report 2009)
Introduction Literature Review
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
Conclusion
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Research question
• When the Jaffna Lagoon Scheme is implemented, will there be any new changes in the settlement pattern in Jaffna peninsula?
• If there will be changes, what will be the new settlement pattern?
• If the plan is not being prepared, what will be the pattern of the settlement??
Introduction Literature Review
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
Conclusion
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
•Study the effects of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme on human settlement development Pattern.
•Identify the future settlement patterns with and without the Jaffna Lagoon Scheme.
Objective
Introduction Literature Review
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
Conclusion
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Concepts related to human settlement pattern
Study of the human settlement pattern and the determining factors
Study the Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Derived settlement development pattern alternatives based on the analysis
Identified the changes of human settlement patternAnalyzing Techniques
Flow of Study
Expected impacts on the human settlement development
Introduction Literature Review
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
Conclusion
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Introduction Literature Review
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
Conclusion
Literature Review
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Introduction Literature Review
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
Conclusion
•Concept of Human Settlement
•Elements of Human Settlement
•Human Settlement Development
•Factors Influencing on Human Settlement
•Type of Settlements
•Settlement Patterns
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
The human settlements are constructed by all sedentary societies over several millenniums in each continent of the world in order to provide secure living conditions and guarantee sustenance
(UNHABITAT, 1976)
Bairoch, 1988
“Human settlements means the totality of the human community - whether city, town or village - with all the social, material, organizational, spiritual and cultural elements that sustain it. The fabric of human settlements consists of physical elements and services to which these elements provide the material support.”
Understanding the concept of Human Settlements
Introduction Literature Review
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
Conclusion
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
“…Human settlements consists several elements: nature, the earth and the natural site on which they are built; man who creates and inhabits them; Society which is formed mainly in them and whose Networks functions allow them to survive and grow; and Shells (Structures), which are built to transform the first and to house the other three elements. Man, Society and Networks are the contents of the elements and Nature and Shell form the container. It is the Interrelationship of these five elements which forms human settlements. …”
(C.A.Doxiadis ,1970)
Elements of Human Settlements
Man
Nature
Society
Shells
Networks
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionLiterature Review
Introduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
The human settlement development leads to a definite improvement of quality of life. The quality of life consist several components
Lawrence, 2000
Quality of Life
Health
Community Development
Security Physical Environment
Natural Resources, Goods and servicesPersonal
Development
Administration of justice crime and safety
Personal economic security and standard of living
Housing
Mental Health Physical Health
NuisanceVisual perception and scenic Quality
Climate
Pollution
Natural Resource
Social Infrastructure and services
Goods
Political Participation
Social networks and group relations
Community structure
Individual development through recreation and leisure
Individual development through learning
Human settlement development
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionLiterature Review
Introduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Factors influencing Human settlement
There are various factors and conditions responsible for different types of rural settlements.
Physical features – Nature of terrain, Altitude, Climate and availability of water
Cultural and ethnic factors –Social structure, Caste and Religion
Security factors – defense against thefts and robberies.
(Hudson, 1969)
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionLiterature Review
Introduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Human Settlement
Urban Settlement
Processing of raw materials and manufacturing of finished goods
Rural Settlement
Life support or basic economic needs from land based primary economic activities
(Sarkar, 2010)
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionLiterature Review
Introduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Rural settlements
Clustered, agglomerated or nucleated Dispersed or isolated
Figure 2.3 a) Clustered Settlement b) Linear Settlement Reproduced from: Settlements Pattern and Functional Distribution in Emerging Communities. Figure 2.4 widely dispersed settlements on land subject to
complete inundation in south eastern bakarganj Reproduced from: The Pattern of Rural Settlement in East Pakistan. (Silberfein, 1989) (Ahmad, 1956)
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionLiterature Review
Introduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Case studies on Similar Project in the National and International Context
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
Conclusion
•Powers Lake - USA
Literature Review
Introduction
•Mahaweli – Sri Lanka •Three gorge Dam – China
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Before the Mahaweli development project
• The settlement pattern was a Dispersed Pattern.
• Lot of arable lands were under forest cover.
After the Mahaweli development project
•The settlement pattern is transformed to clustered with
hierarchy of towns.
• Arable land extent was increased by the irrigation schemes.
Thus, the Mahaweli development programme has impacted the settlements positively. (WJG Mendis, 1973)
Mahaweli Development Project
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionLiterature Review
Introduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
• The main goal is power generation. • Dams are built across the Yantze River in China.
•Programme is covered huge extent of agricultural land and residential land. •Peoples are relocated by government without proper resettlement plans and forced to migrate them.
•This project is negatively affected the human settlement development
(Seeber.C et al, December 2010)
Three Gorges Dam Project In China
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionLiterature Review
Introduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Powers Lake is located on the edge of the City of Powers Lake in USA.
This project is improved • Crop land (16 000 acres), • Grass seeding lands (870 acres) • Grazing lands (4100 acres).
(Powers Lake Watershed Project)
Marshy & Scrub lands Around the polluted Lake
Crops & Grazing lands Around the LakePowers Lake Project
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionLiterature Review
Introduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Analyzing Techniques
1. Analysis of Hierarchy of functions and settlement structure
2. Nearest Neighbor Analysis
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionLiterature Review
Introduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Analysis of Hierarchy of functions and settlement structure:
In this method, a points system is devised for allocation to certain defined categories of services offered by each settlement. The categories are actually chosen and the relative importance of the sub services within these categories.
• Local and central government Administration, Protective services and Judiciary services• Social services:• Communication and transportation• Commerce and major public works initiations• Industry and public utility services (Electrical and water supply).
(WJG Mendis, 1973)
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionLiterature Review
Introduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Nearest Neighbor Analysis
The method is used to assess if there is any degree of physical dispersion or clustering of settlements in the areas.
The nearest neighbor statistic is given by—
is the observed mean distance between each settlement and its nearest neighbor.
Where
is the expected mean distance for the settlements given a random pattern.
Total study area.
nA
Distance between settlement I and its nearest settlement
Correspond the total number of settlements
(Sarkar. 2010)
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionLiterature Review
Introduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
CASE STUDY
Literature Review
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionIntroduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Literature Review
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionIntroduction
•Jaffna Lagoon System
•Study Area
•Settlement Identification
•Present Land Use
•Water Quality
•Soil Salinity
•Salinization Issues
•Proposals
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Jaffna lagoon System
Literature Review
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionIntroduction
Internal lagoons
• Upparu Lagoon• Vadamaradchi Lagoon
External Lagoon
• Elephant Pass Lagoon
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Study AreaBased on:•Potential reclaimable agricultural land•Areas where the ground water is affected•GN Division Boundary
Study Area Extent is 727 Sq km
Area Covered: • Thenmaradchi• Vadamaradchi • Part of Valikamam
Literature Review
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionJaffna Lagoon Scheme
Introduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Settlement Identification
GN Division Population Density
Population Density > 500 Persons per Sq km
Total Number of Settlements 159
Literature Review
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionJaffna Lagoon Scheme
Introduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Present Land use in Study area
Description No of Plots Area (Ha)Built Up Area 88 245.7402 Coconut 173 5749.3964 Garden 2026 19659.8642 Grassland 35 1217.6884 Jeep or Cart Track 622 4444.3978 Lagoon 3 44803.5094 Main Road - Class A 1 546.4271 Main Road - Class B 2 985.2998 Marsh 46 2835.8670 Minor Road 77 1420.8758 Other Plantation 162 1528.8031 Paddy 634 13314.5067 Sand or Beach 50 5065.7490 Scrub 315 16287.9509 Tank with Bund - Working 136 1239.3031 Transport and Utilities 3 2.7696 Water Hole 494 585.9963
Land uses in Study area and its Extent in Hectares. Source Survey Department GIS Data set.
•Arable Land ≈ 20 600 acres
•Non Arable Land ≈ 19 300 acres
In Study Area
Literature Review
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionJaffna Lagoon Scheme
Introduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Water Quality:
Irrigation Department Investigations shows close proximity area salinity level is moderate and liable to increase.
Literature Review
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionJaffna Lagoon Scheme
Introduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Soil Salinity
Due to the soil salinity
• Presently 11000 acres of land is Non Arable
• 20000 acres of land productivity is less
Literature Review
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionJaffna Lagoon Scheme
Introduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Problems & Its Root Causes
Literature Review
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionJaffna Lagoon Scheme
Introduction
Salinization
Bracklsh WellDaily Use of
Water
Problems in routine life
Drinking waterLow Productivity Agriculture lands
Reducing Agriculture lands
Low Income
Social problems
Unstable water level in Lagoon
Unstable salinity level in Lagoon
Unstable fishing oppertunities in
lagoon
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Upparu Lagoon – Screw operating Barrage in Ariyalai.
Elephant pass lagoon –Provide a closure bund of 4700 feet with a spill cum causeway of 7000 feet along the eastern end of the lagoon.
Link canal 2.5 miles long , provide an inlet regulator – cum-bridge and provide a roadway along the link canal.
Vadamaradchi lagoon – Provide a barrage Thondamanaru.
Proposals
Literature Review
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionJaffna Lagoon Scheme
Introduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Impacts On The Human Settlement Pattern After The Jaffna Lagoon Scheme Implementation
Literature Review
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionIntroduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Literature Review
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionIntroduction
•Potential Agriculture Based Settlements
•Potential Agriculture Based Settlements
•Potential Agriculture Based Settlements
•Existing Human Settlement Pattern
•Expecting Human Settlement Pattern
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
The Potential Agriculture Based Settlements
•11 000 acres of agriculture Land
•20 000 acres land Productivity increasing by 50%
•Irrigation Based Cultivation
Like Mahaweli Settlements
Literature Review
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionIntroduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
•Water Level Stabilized
•Salinity level stabilized
•Land for Development
•Fresh water Availability
The Potential Fishing Based Settlements
Literature Review
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
ConclusionAnalysis & Discussion
Introduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
•Stabled Lagoon water Level
•Fresh Water Availability
•Accessibility
•land for New Development
The Potential Tourism Based Settlements
Like Powers Lake In USA
Literature Review
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
ConclusionAnalysis & Discussion
Introduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Nearest Neighbor Analysis shows that the settlements are Clustered-based.
Literature Review
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
ConclusionAnalysis & Discussion
Introduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Nearest Neighbor Analysis shows that the potential settlements will be Random-based.
Literature Review
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
ConclusionAnalysis & Discussion
Introduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
ConclusionPresently Settlements are clustered in 3 areas
•Close of Jaffna town Urban Activities
•Chavakacheri and surroundingAgriculture Activities
•Point Pedro and adjacentFishing Activities
Literature Review
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
ConclusionAnalysis & Discussion
Introduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
After the Project Implementation Since the potentials of job opportunities will be dispersed, the settlement pattern will be changed to Random.
Cluster-based Random-based
Before the Project After the Project
Literature Review
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionIntroduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J
Works Cited
Ahmad, N. (1956, July). The Pattern of Rural Settlement in East Pakistan. Geographical Review , pp. 388-398.
Ahmed, Y. A. (2009). Settlements Pattern Functional Distribution in an Emerging Communities. The Social Science , pp. 256-263.
Anish Joshi et all. (2009). Report on Impact of Settlement Pattern, LandUse Practice and Options in High Risk Areas. UNDP.
Doxiadis, C. A. (1970). Ekistics, the Science of human settlement. Ekistics , 345-355.
Hudson, J. C. (1969, Jun). A Location Theory for Rural Settlement. Annals of the Association of American Geographers , pp. 365-381.
Kawashima T ; Korcell P. (1982). Human Settlement Systems: Spatial Pattern and Trends. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.
Lawrence, R. J. (2000). Sustaining Human Settlement. Urban International Press.
Perera, L. S. (1991). Some issues in human settlement Development.
Report on Jaffna Lagoon Scheme. (1982).
Sarkar, A. (2010). Analysis of Human Settlement Patterns. The On-Line Indian Journal of Spatial Science .
Silberfein, M. (1989, November). Settlement from and Rural Development :Scattered versus Clustered Settlement. Economic and Social Geography , 80 (5), pp. 258-268.
UNHABITAT. (1987). Global Report of Human Settlement. United Nations Center for Human Settlement.
Literature Review
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusionIntroduction
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 JWaiting for Comments…