IMPA

CT OF

APART

HEID

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A·PART·

HEID/Ə

ˈPÄRT

ˌ(H)Ā

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A POLICY OR SYSTEM OF SEGREGATION OR

DISCRIMINATION ON GROUNDS OF RACE

ORIGINS:

1945-50—DERIVED FROM THE AFRIKAAN LANGUAGE

MEANING: APART (APART) AND –HOOD (-HEID)

LEADER

S FR

OM E

ITHER

SIDE

OF TH

E FE

NCE

FOR APARTHEID AGAINST APARTHEID

PW BOTHA NELSON MANDELA

DF MALAN STEVEN BIKO

WALTER SISULU

CHRIS HANI

CHIEF ALBERT LUTHULI

- THE BLACK AND WHITE PEOPLE WERE

SEPARATED AND DISTINGUISHED FROM

EACH OTHER.

- THE WHITES: 20% OF THE WHOLE SOUTH

AFRICAN POPULATION –INSISTED ON

CONTROLLING THE MAJORITY.

- CHEAP BLACK LABOR AND UNFAIR WAGES

FOR THE BLACK PEOPLE

- BLACK PEOPLE ARE FORBIDDEN TO OWN

HOUSES

DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN BLACK AND WHITE

ALL NON-WHITE SOUTH AFRICANS

SOTHO-TSWANA PEOPLE ZULU PEOPLE SAN (BUSHMEN/HUNTER

GATHERERS) NAMAQUA (PEOPLE LIVING

A SEMI NOMADIC PASTORAL LIFE)

NON-WHITE PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT NATIVE PEOPLE OF

SOUTH AFRICA ARE ALSO DISCRIMINATED THOUGH

NOT AS SEVERELY.

WHO SUFFERED THE MOST FROM APARTHEID?

WHO DISAGREES WITH APARTHEID?Nelson Mandela:

Born: 18 July 1918

A South African Politician—against apartheid, led protest group

1944: Joined African National Congress (referred to: ANC)

1964: Was imprisoned

Recognized as the most significant Black leader

The first South African president

Stephen Biko:

Born: 18 December 1946

Expelled from his high school because of political activities

Was involved in the NUSAS (National Union of South African Students)

Quits medical school for his concern of the Apartheid policy and the struggle of the

Black

1968: Co-founder and first president of the all-Black South African Students’ Organization (SASO)

1973: Because of political activities, he was ‘banned’ in South Africa

18 August 1977: imprisoned

12 September 1977: died while in prison due to extremely severe treatments from police officers.

Chris Hani:

Born: 28 June 1942

1957: Joined ANC youth league

1967: Commissar in the Luthuli Detachment joint ANC/ZAPU military campaign

Commissar and Deputy Commander of the armed wing of ANC

Walter Sisulu:

Born: 18 May 1912

Sisulu was of mixed heritage—his father was a visiting White foreman supervisor, his mother a local

Felt distanced from his peers

1940: he joined the ANC—allied with those fighting for Black freedom

Was given the executive post in the Transvaal division

Was jailed for punching a train conductor when he confiscated a Black man’s rail pass.

He was repeatedly banned for his active role in the anti-apartheid struggle.

Was also imprisoned several times and was released in the same time Mandela was released.

Given the task of restructuring the ANC in South Africa—elected deputy president of ANC in 1991.

Chief Albert Luthuli:

Born: c. 1898

1945: joined the ANC

One of the leaders of Defiance Campaign

Refused to renounce membership of ANC

1952: elected president-general of ANC

He was repeatedly banned and in 1956 he was arrested

1960: Luthuli called for protest following the Sharpeville Massacre

He publicly burned his pass book as a sign of protest

Was detained 30th March under the ‘State of Emergency’

Was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize at 1961

1962: was elected Rector of Glasgow University

1967: mysteriously died near his home.

WALTER SISULU

NELSON MANDELA

CHRIS HANI

CHIEF ALBERT LUTHULI

DF MALAN

PW BOTHA

STEVEN BIKO

APARTHEID AND THE PEOPLE OF SOUTH AFRICA

MAJO

R STU

DY CASE

1: T

HE

BIRTH

OF

INFL

UENTI

AL

LEADER

S

- 1948-1994: APARTHEID MADE AS A LAW

- SOUTH AFRICAN WERE SEGREGATED INTO CATEGORIES, DEPRIVED OF THEIR CITIZENSHIP AND DIFFERENT LAWS ARE ALSO ESTABLISHED.

- THIS LED TO A PASSIVE RESISTANCE PROTEST AGAINST INEQUALITY LED BY NELSON MANDELA—WHICH LATER ON JOINED FORCES WITH ANC.

- STEPHEN BIKO QUIT MEDICAL SCHOOL AND PURSUED A POLITICAL LIFE, ROUNDING UP PEOPLE FOR DEMONSTRATIONS AGAINST APARTHEID.

- CHRIS HANI BECAME COMMISSAR AND DEPUTY COMMANDER OF THE ARMED WING OF ANC.

- JOE SLOVO FOUNDED THE ARMED WING OF ANC

- 2 FEBRUARY 1990: ANC, PAC & SACP IS LEGALIZED

MAJO

R STU

DY CASE

2: P

OST

APART

HEID

- POST APARTHEID: SOUTH AFRICA IS NOT THE HARMONIOUS “RAINBOW NATION” SO CELEBRATED BY NELSON MANDELA ON HIS INAUGURATION DAY.

- NOVEMBER 2008: POWER STRUGGLE IN WHICH THE GOVERNING AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS, REPLACED THE SOUTH AFRICAN PRESIDENT, THABO MBEKI WITH A STAND-IN, JACOB ZUMA.

- ECONOMIC GROWTH SLOWED DOWN AND PRICES SHOT UP.

- XENOPHOBIC RIOTS IN SEVERAL CITIES AND MOBS KILLING DOZENS OF IMPOVERISHED FOREIGNERS.

- THE COUNTRY’S POWER COMPANY RAN OUT OF ELECTRICITY AND RATIONED SUPPLY.

- SOUTH AFRICA HAS ONE OF THE WORST CRIME RATES. ROBBERIES ARE OFTEN FOLLOWED BY VIOLENCE EVEN MURDERED.

- LOCAL SOUTH AFRICAN GIVING OUT IDEAS TO ADOPT LEGISLATIONS THAT WORKED DURING THE APARTHEID REGIME.

RESOURCES

Apartheid Dictionary.com, LLC, Available: http://http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/apartheid Last accessed: 4th March, 2012

Apartheid Legislation in South Africa About.com, African History, Available: http://http://africanhistory.about.com/library/bl/blsalaws.htm Last accessed: 4th March, 2012

The Khoikhoi HistoryWiz, Available: http://http://www.historywiz.com/khoisan.htm Last accessed: 4th March, 2012

Hani, C (1991) Chris Hani, My Life - An Autobiography Written in 1991 South African Communist Party, Available: http://http://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?ID=2294 Last accessed 4th March, 2012

Mandela, Nelson. Nelson Mandela Speaks: Forging a Democratic, Nonracial South Africa. New York: Pathfinder, 1993.

Mandela, Nelson. Long Walk to Freedom. The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Boston & New York: Little Brown, 1994.

Mandela, Nelson. The Struggle Is My Life. New York: Revised, Pathfinder, 1986. Originally published as a tribute on his 60th birthday in 1978. Speeches, writings, historical accounts, contributions by fellow prisoners.

Mandela, Nelson. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Little, Brown and Co., Boston, 1994

Stephen Bantu Biko (2007) ZAR, Available: http://http://zar.co.za/biko.htm Last accessed: 4th March, 2012

Bearak, B (2008) Post-Apartheid South Africa Enters Anxious Era New York Times, Available: http://http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/06/world/africa/06safrica.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all Last accessed 4th March, 2012

Smitha, F (2011) African into the 1990s Macrohistory, Available: http://http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch34-sa.htm Last accessed 4th March, 2012

Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu (2012) About.com, African History, Available: http://http://africanhistory.about.com/library/biographies/blbio-WalterSisulu.htm Last accessed: 5th March, 2012

PW Botha (2012) About.com, African History, Available: http://http://africanhistory.about.com/od/pwbotha/PW_Botha.htm Last accessed: 5th March, 2012