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Tanya Golash-BozaSociology and
American StudiesUniversity of Kansas
[email protected]@tanyagolashboza
Immigration Nation: Raids, Detentions and Deportations
in Post-9/11 America
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-8ke8gd60g
New Bedford Raid
Comments below the video
• “Way to go ICE!! Arrest and deport the cockroaches!”
• “Only tragedy here is that now the U.S. has to pay for some kids that freaking illegals left here.”
• “hahaha, am i supposed to feel bad for these people? ALL of this could have been avoided had they simply followed the laws of immigration. not our fault you wanna break the law when you got kids.”
Human rights perspective
Why the dehumanization?
How does the immigration debate look from a
human rights perspective?
Who are the immigrants?
Half of people who became legal permanent residents in 2006 came from just ten countries.
In 2010, 85 percent of undocumented migrants come from ten countries.
Undocumented migrants: 2010Mexico 6,640,000El Salvador 620,000Guatemala 520,000Honduras 330,000Philippines 280,000India 200,000Ecuador 180,000Brazil 180,000Korea 170,000China 130,000All other countries 1,550,000Total 10,790,000
Countries that send us migrants are• Countries where U.S.
employers have recruited laborers for over 100 years.
• Countries with which we trade
• Countries where the US military/CIA has been involved
Countries that send migrants to the US
China Mexico The PhilippinesVietnam Dom. RepublicEl SalvadorCubaKoreaGuatemalaHondurasBrazil India
- Which of these countries has not experienced US military/CIA involvement?
- Which of these countries is not a major trading partner with the US?
- Which of these countries has been sending labor migrants to the United States for over 100 years?
- Countries where the US military/CIA has been involved
China Mexico The PhilippinesVietnam Dom. RepublicEl SalvadorCubaKoreaGuatemalaHondurasBrazil India
Countries that send us migrants are
- Countries with which we trade
China Mexico The PhilippinesVietnam Dom. RepublicEl SalvadorCubaKoreaGuatemalaHondurasBrazil India
Countries that send us migrants are
- Countries where U.S. employers have recruited laborers for over 100 years.
China Mexico The PhilippinesVietnam Dom. RepublicEl SalvadorCubaKoreaGuatemalaHondurasBrazil India
Countries that send us migrants are
Undocumented and legally present migrants come for the same reasons.
What renders some
migrants “illegal” is the lack of
legislation that enables undocumented migrants to obtain proper documentation.
Ten million undocumented migrants
• US response?– Raids– Detentions– Deportations
Raids
• Arrests at worksite raids increased 12-fold between 2002 and 2008.
Postville, Iowa: May 12, 2008
The Postville raid led to a
humanitarian
and economic
disaster for the
town, and, for much of the
region.
Detention
• Immigration detention is where non-citizens await immigration hearings and deportation.
• Detention increased 500% between 1994 and 2008.
2008: 33,400 detainees per day
Francisco Castañeda
The U.S. Public Health Service and the Division of Immigration Health
Services denied Castañeda the biopsy, on the grounds
that this is an elective procedure.
Mass Deportation
• In 2010, the United States deported
400,000 people, more than double the number deported in
2002, and more than the entire decade of the 1980s.
Deportations: 1993-2009
1996: IIRAIRA
2001: 9/11
2003: DHS wascreated 1993
19941995
19961997
19981999
20002001
20022003
20042005
20062007
20082009
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
Who gets deported?
96% of deportees are
from Latin America and
the Caribbean.
Most deportees are men.
Latinos more likely to be deported
Honduras
Guatemala
Mexico
El Salva
dorBrazil
Ecuador
ChinaIndia
Philippines
Korea0
0.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.09
Ratio of Undocumented Migrants to Deportees: 2009
ASIA---------------------------->LATIN AMERICA ------------------------------------>
Asians and Europeans unlikely to be deported:Ratio of 2000 Non-Citizen Population to 2009 Criminal Deportees
Honduras
Guatemala
Mexico
El Sa
lvador
Dom. Rep
ublic
Jamaic
a
ColombiaHaiti
Engla
nd
Canad
a
Poland
Phillipines
KoreaRussi
aIndia
China
German
yCuba
Vietnam
Japan
0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.0%
3.5%
LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN---> EUROPE AND ASIA----------------------------->
Racial profiling – Police/ICE cooperation
Family unityBetween 1998 and 2007, over
2 million people were deported from the United States. Over
100,000
had U.S. citizen children
The right to due process
The case of Joe Velasquez: • No right to a
bond hearing• Detention and
deportation were mandatory. No judicial review.
• Deportation order was retroactive.
Three-Step Approach to Reform• Implement policies that do
not violate international human rights conventions.
• Pave the way for legalization for all migrants currently in the United States.
• Align migrant entry policies with the reality of globalization.
Step 1: Immigration Policy with a Human Rights Vision
• Align U.S. immigration policy with international human rights standards:– The right to form a family– The right to due process– The right to freedom from discrimination– The right to freedom from arbitrary detention– The right to not experience cruel or unusual
punishment
Step 2: Pave the way for legalization.
Step 2: Pave the way for legalization.
Step 3:Align entry policies with reality of globalization
If people had the right to mobility, then
states would have to
provide compelling
reasons to deny anyone the right to enter their territories.
Step 3:Align entry policies with reality of globalization
Social science research makes it clear that:• People often migrate because of specific ties between
their country of origin and their destination country.• Emigration affects sending communities because of
the transnational ties it creates and the social and economic remittances migrants send.
• Temporary migrants often become permanent in response to immigration controls.
• The impacts of immigrants in receiving communities are often profound, and, frequently, positive.
A discussion of the right to mobility is an ethical and moral debate, but also must be based on
social scientific evidence of the inevitability and consequences of emigration to create effective policy.
