The Monroe Doctrine, 1823p 141 Color of Wealth

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848-1850, P 143 - 145 CoWTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848-1850, P 143 - 145 CoW

Bracero Program 1942 – 1964 p 146 Color of Wealth

• Created “Temporary” farmworkers who came to the United States to harvest crops.

Zoot Suit RiotsMay 31, 1943

Pachuco/a Subculture: 1930s – 1960s

Operation “Wetback” 1954• project of the United States Immigration and Naturalization

Service (INS) to remove about four million illegal immigrants from the southwestern United States, with a focus on Mexican nationals.

• Started in California and Arizona, random ID checks of “Mexican looking” people

• Estimated one million people rounded up. • To discourage re-entry, deportees were taken hundreds of

miles (500-1000) south of the border

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882Video Clip: Chinese Immigration and Nativism

• First (and only) explicitly race-based immigration act

• Followed revisions in 1880 to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868.

• Those revisions allowed for U.S. to suspend, but not prohibit Chinese immigration.

• Act made Chinese immigrants permanent aliens by excluding them from U.S. citizenship

• Lasted over 60 years

1898 – Spanish-American War p 148 CoW

On April 25, 1898, the United States declared war with Spain. The war followed a Cuban Insurrection, the Cuban War of Independence against Spanish rule and the

sinking of the USS Maine in the harbor at Havana.

United States takes possession of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines.

Foraker Act of 1900Puerto Rico:

“10 member upper legislative chamber, all appointed by the U.S. President.”

Beginning of a policy known Beginning of a policy known as:as:

““Dollar Diplomacy”Dollar Diplomacy”

Use of the military to protect Use of the military to protect U.S. investmentsU.S. investments

Foraker Act of 1900, p 148 CoW

““This period (1900 – 1930) allowed for the massive This period (1900 – 1930) allowed for the massive switch of assets out of Puerto Rican hands and into switch of assets out of Puerto Rican hands and into American industrial control, which by 1930 monopolized American industrial control, which by 1930 monopolized at least 60 percent of sugar production, 80 percent of the at least 60 percent of sugar production, 80 percent of the tobacco industry, 60 percent of all public services and tobacco industry, 60 percent of all public services and banks, and 100 percent of the maritime lanes.”banks, and 100 percent of the maritime lanes.”

California Alien Land Law of 1913

• prohibits "aliens ineligible for citizenship" (i.e., all Asian immigrants) from owning land or property

• Does permit 3 year leases

• Passed 35-2 in Senate and 72-3 in Assembly

Socialism and Communism• 1877, Socialist Labor Party formed• 1897, Socialist Democratic Party• 1901, Socialist Party of America• 1905, Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies)• 1900, 1904, 1908, 1912, 1920

– Socialist parties run candidates for President• 1912, Eugene V. Debs receives 900,000 or 6% of

popular vote.• 1912, Thirty-Three cities have socialist mayors.• 1917, U.S. Government passes the Espionage Act• 1918, passage of the Sedition Act.

– More than 100 Wobblies convicted in Chicago for opposing the war.

– Eugene Debs receives a 20 year sentence for encouraging people to resist the draft (later pardoned by President Taft)

• 1919, left abandons Socialist Party to form the Communist and Communist Labor Parties. They unite in 1923

• 1919, “Red Scare” U.S. Department of Justice begins keeping files on “radicals.

– 249 leftists, including Anarchist Emma Goldman, deported to Russia without a hearing.

• 1920, New York Legislature expels five duly elected Socialist members.

• 1921, conviction and execution of Italian Anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti

Eugene Victor DebsEugene Victor Debs (November 5, 1855 – October 20, 1926) was an American union (November 5, 1855 – October 20, 1926) was an American union leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), as well as candidate for as well as candidate for President of the President of the United States United States as a member of the Social Democratic Party in 1900, and later as a as a member of the Social Democratic Party in 1900, and later as a member of the Socialist Party of America in 1904, 1908, 1912, and 1920.member of the Socialist Party of America in 1904, 1908, 1912, and 1920.

Mass immigration from Mass immigration from Southern and Eastern Southern and Eastern Europe causes great deal Europe causes great deal of fear about losing the of fear about losing the nations “ethnic purity” nations “ethnic purity” along with anxieties about along with anxieties about political radicalism.political radicalism.

The derogatory term, WOP The derogatory term, WOP for Italian immigrants for Italian immigrants stands for:stands for:

With Out PapersWith Out Papers

Emergency Quota Act of 1921• limited the annual number of immigrants who could be

admitted from any country to 3% of the number of persons from that country living in the United States in 1910, according to U.S census.

• Passed 78-1 in Senate, represents post WWI isolationism

• The main reason given for passing the Act was that the flood of immigrants in recent years had negative wage effects on native-born Americans.

• In truth it was designed to prevent radical changes in the nation’s racial and ethnic makeup

Immigration Act of 1924• Superseded Emergency Quota Act of 1921

• limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890, according to the Census of 1890. It excluded immigration of Asians.

• Imposed a quota on immigration of 165,000 people, which is less than 20 percent of the pre-World War I average

• The act based its admittance of a particular number of people from each nation based upon the 1890 census

• This was an effort to limit Southern and European immigrants from entering the country 

Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965

Limits New Visas to 300,000Limits New Visas to 300,000

170,000 from Eastern Hemisphere170,000 from Eastern Hemisphere

120,000 from Western Hemisphere 120,000 from Western Hemisphere

Effectively overturns 1924 Act

Harvest of Empire

Backlash of Immigration:

• Each major immigration wave has provoked a backlash among previous settlers (Irish, Scottish, German, etc.)

•Latin Americans are different types of immigrants because they are closer to their homeland and they go back and forth the most

• Forces bringing more Latin American immigrants are:

• Terrible economy in Latin America

• Corporate Globalization

• Declining birth rate and rise of age of white Americans keep the market open for more labor

Gen. Rafael Trujillo, 1891 - 1961

Military Dictatorship Military Dictatorship that ruled the that ruled the Dominican RepublicDominican RepublicFrom:From:

1930 – 19611930 – 1961

Color of Wealth p 153Color of Wealth p 153

Trujillo: “El Jefe”

With Joaquin Balguer With Joaquin Balguer

With Vice President With Vice President Richard NixonRichard Nixon

Juan Bosch of the Dominican Revolutionary Party and Joaquin Balguer

United States Invades the DR

1965: Click

Immigration Reform and Control Act, 1986

• Went after the source: EMPLOYERS and JOBS.Went after the source: EMPLOYERS and JOBS.

• I-9 audits of business through an intensive inspection I-9 audits of business through an intensive inspection program. program.

• Employer Sanctions.Employer Sanctions.

• Contained Amnesty Provisions for undocumented Contained Amnesty Provisions for undocumented workers already living in the U.S.workers already living in the U.S.

Proposition 187 1993

• Passed overwhelmingly by California Legislature in 1993Passed overwhelmingly by California Legislature in 1993

• Denied benefits to “Illegal Aliens” and criminalized those with Denied benefits to “Illegal Aliens” and criminalized those with forged green cards, I.D. cards and Social Security Numbers forged green cards, I.D. cards and Social Security Numbers

• Restricted access to public servicesRestricted access to public services

• Among other things, this led to a steep rise in Naturalization Among other things, this led to a steep rise in Naturalization applicationsapplications

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996

• Previously, immediate deportation was triggered only for offences that could lead to Previously, immediate deportation was triggered only for offences that could lead to five years or more in jail. Under the Act, minor offences such as five years or more in jail. Under the Act, minor offences such as shopliftingshoplifting, may , may make an individual eligible for deportation. The Act also applies to residents who make an individual eligible for deportation. The Act also applies to residents who have married American citizens and have American-born children.have married American citizens and have American-born children.

• The Act was originally applied The Act was originally applied retroactivelyretroactively to all those convicted of deportable to all those convicted of deportable offenses. Including Naturalized Citizens. offenses. Including Naturalized Citizens.

• In 2001, the Supreme Court overruled this retroactive application of the law as In 2001, the Supreme Court overruled this retroactive application of the law as UnconstitutionalUnconstitutional. .

• The Act doubled the U.S. Border Patrol to 10,000 agents over five years (2001) and The Act doubled the U.S. Border Patrol to 10,000 agents over five years (2001) and mandated the construction of fences at the most heavily trafficked areas of the U.S.-mandated the construction of fences at the most heavily trafficked areas of the U.S.-Mexico border. Mexico border.

• Allowed for the “incarceration of all arriving foreigners without a Visa. Allowed for the “incarceration of all arriving foreigners without a Visa.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a private international organization that oversees the global financial system by following the

macroeconomic policies of its member countries, in particular those with an impact on exchange rates and the balance of payments. It is an organization

formed to stabilize international exchange rates and facilitate development. It also offers financial and technical assistance to its members, making it an international

lender of last resort. Its headquarters are located in Washington, D.C., USA.

The Election of 1992

Video Link: Ross Perot and The Election of 1992Video Link: Ross Perot and The Election of 1992

Video Link: Ross Perot and Al Gore Debate on Larry KingVideo Link: Ross Perot and Al Gore Debate on Larry King

NAFTANorth American Free Trade Agreement

Goes into effect, January 1, 1994

Zapatista Uprising, January 1, 1994

Video Link:EZLN: Our Word is our Weapon

Zapatistas

Zapatista Community of Chiapas, MexicoPhotos by sebastiao salgado

Sprawling Barrio: Greater Mexico City, sebastiao salgado

Homeless Youth: Mexico City, Homeless Youth: Mexico City, sebastiao salgado

Fallen Electric Lines: Chimaluhacan, Mexico, 1998, sebastiao salgado

Garbage Dumps II: Mexico City by sebastiao salgado

Garbage Dumps I: Mexico City, sebastiao salgado

Young Yanomami Woman, sebastiao salgado

““Each village has 30 to 150 Each village has 30 to 150 inhabitants…Just under half the inhabitants…Just under half the 22,000 surviving Yanomami live in 22,000 surviving Yanomami live in Brazil, the rest in Venezuela. In Brazil, the rest in Venezuela. In Brazil they live in some 200 Brazil they live in some 200 communities, spread over a 42,000-communities, spread over a 42,000-square mile territory”square mile territory”

“…“…there is enormous resistance to there is enormous resistance to ‘giving away’ valuable land to ‘giving away’ valuable land to Indians, with powerful business Indians, with powerful business groups, mainly cattle ranchers and groups, mainly cattle ranchers and timber and mining industries, paying timber and mining industries, paying off politicians to look after their off politicians to look after their interests.”interests.”

Abandoning the Land in Ecuador

““A recent study by A recent study by Ecuador’s Center for Study Ecuador’s Center for Study of Population and Social of Population and Social Development (CEPAR) Development (CEPAR) shhowed that between 1990 shhowed that between 1990 and 1997 around 15 % of and 1997 around 15 % of the country’s rural the country’s rural population (mainly men) population (mainly men) migrated to Ecuador’s cities migrated to Ecuador’s cities or left the country. The or left the country. The study said that men leave at study said that men leave at a young age (more than half a young age (more than half of them are under 20). of them are under 20). Another study showed that Another study showed that 19% of the rural population 19% of the rural population has abandoned the has abandoned the countryside in recent years.”countryside in recent years.”

Sheep FarmingSheep Farming

ECUADORby sebastiao salgado

““Around the town of Pungala, all Around the town of Pungala, all the fieldwork is done by women. the fieldwork is done by women. Twenty years ago, family Twenty years ago, family responsibilities were divided quite responsibilities were divided quite differently: women ran the differently: women ran the households and men worked the households and men worked the fields. Today, the men have fields. Today, the men have migrated to cities and return here at migrated to cities and return here at most once a year, while women are most once a year, while women are now in charge of both the farming now in charge of both the farming and the community.”and the community.”

The Landless Movement in Brazil: MST

Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra

MST:MST:Landless peasants takeover the 200,000-Landless peasants takeover the 200,000-acre Giacometti Plantation, the largest acre Giacometti Plantation, the largest private holding in the state of Parana. private holding in the state of Parana. This occupation climaxed a long This occupation climaxed a long struggle for land by the peasants. In the struggle for land by the peasants. In the early 1980s, the government decreed the early 1980s, the government decreed the expropriation of the estate as a expropriation of the estate as a latifundio, latifundio, or excessively large or excessively large unproductive property. However, unproductive property. However, thanks to the political connections of the thanks to the political connections of the Giacometti Group, which owned the Giacometti Group, which owned the land, the expropriation was never carried land, the expropriation was never carried out. After repeated legal efforts went out. After repeated legal efforts went nowhere, the peasants began applying nowhere, the peasants began applying pressure on the authorities by encircling pressure on the authorities by encircling the disputed land with settlements. With the disputed land with settlements. With 3,000 families entering the land, they 3,000 families entering the land, they have created a situation that forcees the have created a situation that forcees the National Institute of Agrarian Reform to National Institute of Agrarian Reform to reopen the case.” reopen the case.” sebastiao salgado

Squatters on the Cuiaba Plantation: May 6, 1996 victory celebration by sebastiao salgado

Operation Rio Grande, 1998

•August 1998 with a focus to decrease the number of illegal immigrants entering the country and to hinder the transportation of narcotics.

• Added over 1,000 new boarder patrol agents to the U.S. – Mexican boarder in Texas and New Mexico

• Resulted in noticeable decrease in illegal immigration and crime rate, while at the same time having negative effects on the wildlife in these areas.

• Immigration advocacy groups complain that this operation is causing more immigrants to hide in the bushes, and die from dehydration or starvation.

September 11, 2001

Signed into Law on October 26,

2001

A steep rise in Right Wing Vigilante Groups

Department of Homeland Security, 2003http://www.dhs.gov/index.shtm

• Cabinet level office

• Responsible for preventing and responding to Terrorist Attacks and Natural Disasters

• Absorbed the now defunct U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service in March, 2003.

• Comprised of three separate agencies:

1. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, or, ICE a) U.S. Federal Protective Service

2. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services3. U.S. Customs and Border Protection

a) U.S. Customs Serviceb) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

• Over 200,000 Employees. Third largest branch of government after Dept. of Defense and Dept. of Veterans Affairs.

• Biggest reorganization of government since National Security Act of 1947

Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005

Or,Link: HR4437

OrSensenbrenner Bill

• Passed House of Representatives in December, 2005. 92% Republican support, 82% Democrats opposed.

• Sparked massive pro-immigrant Rallies throughout the country.