Chocolate may cause pimples

Salt in soil may affect plant growth

Ultra violet light may cause skin cancer

Hypothesis is just a guess and prediction about your experiment

An idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved

Guy: A statement describing a

phenomenon or which specifies a

relationship between two or more

phenomena.

Difference between a hypothesis and a problem

Hypothesis

Can be tested

and

verified

Suggested

solution to a

problem

Problem

Origin from which

an hypothesis

is derived

Formulated in the

form of a

question

Hypothesis formulation

An hypothesis is formulated after the problem

has been stated and the literature study has

been concluded. 

It is formulated when the researcher is totally

aware of the theoretical and empirical

background to the problem

Formalized Hypotheses example:

If skin cancer is related to ultraviolet light ,

Then people with a high exposure to uv

light

will have a higher frequency of skin

cancer.

But not all if-then statements are hypotheses.

Formalized hypotheses contain two variables.

One is "independent" and the other is

"dependent."

The independent variable is the one you, the

“investigator" control and

The dependent variable is the one that you

observe and/or measure the results.

Impact of Co-operative Learning on the achievement of Standard

XIIth Students in teaching and learning Physics

Variables are the conditions or characteristics that the experiment

manipulates, controls or observes.

• The present study has been designed with the following variables.

• The dependent variable is the achievement test scores of standard XII

students in the achievement test conducted by the investigator. The

independent Variables are the training techniques such as traditional

form of teaching and the Co operative learning technique.

The intervening variables are

– Group of study

– Medium of instruction

– Locality of the residence

– Parent’s occupation

– Parent’s educational qualification

– Kindergarten education

– Newspaper reading

Hypotheis •The general hypothesis

Hypotheis •The directional hypothesis

Hypotheis• The measurable

hypothesis

Boys and girls receive different

grades on organizational skills

tests

Girls get better grades than boys on

tests of organizational abilities

If eight grades girls take notebook quizzes,

then they will receive significantly higher

grades than eight grade boys

How to Create a Hypothesis

The steps to create a hypothesis are:

Ask a Question

Gather Background Information

Form the Hypothesis

Different forms of hypothesis

Null Form

Question form

Declarative form

Prediction form

There is significant difference between the academic

achievement of XIIth standard students in control group and

experimental group.

Is there significant difference between the academic

achievement of XIIth standard students in control group and

experimental group.

There is no significant difference between the academic

achievement of XIIth standard students in control group and

experimental group.

The students will memorize definitions better if teacher

introduces appropriate memory techniques.

• Is in agreement with the

observed facts

• stated in the simplest

possible terms

• permits the application of

deductive reasoning

• It must be stated in final

form early in the expression

before any attempt of

verification is made.

• It should be so designed

that its test will provide an

answer to the original

problem which forms the

primary purpose of the

investigation.

Importance of hypothesis• It serves the function of linking together related facts and

information

• It provides direction to research.

• It defines what is relevant and irrelevant.

• It is a guide to the thinking process and the process of discovery.

• It focuses research. It prevents blind research.

• It places clear and specific goals before the researcher.

• It provides the investigator with a basis for selecting samples

and research procedures to meet the goals.

• It enables the investigator to understand with greater clarity

about his problem and its results.

• It further enables the researcher to clarify the procedures and

methods to be used in solving his problem.

Difficulties in the formulation of hypothesis

• Lack of knowledge and clarity

• Lack of ability to make use of the

theoretical framework logically

• Lack of association with available research

technique

• Vagueness of the statement

Errors in testing a hypothesis

The study design selected is faulty

The sampling procedure adopted is faulty,

The method of data collection is inaccurate,

Analysis is wrong

Statistical procedures applied are

inappropriate

Conclusions drawn are incorrect.

Rejection of a null hypothesis when it is true

Acceptance of a null hypothesis when it is false

There is no significant difference between the performance of standard IX students with respect to the variable Medium

Variable Test Group Category No Mean S.D ‘t’Value

Table Value

Result

Medium of Study

Pre Test

TamilCG

10 43.5 9.732

1.04569

1.96

NS

EG4 50 10.800

EnglishCG

20 41.25 13.752

0.181251NS

EG 26 40.576 10.613

Post Test

Tamil

CG10 41 10.488

6.23083

1.96

S

EG4 81.25 11.086

EnglishCG

20 48.75 9.01310.6723 S

EG 26 79.615 10.575

NS Not Significant Null Hypothesis Accepted

S Significant Null Hypothesis Rejected

In the control group, the hypothesis is accepted since the table value is greater than the calculated value.

This means that medium has no influence on the achievement of standard IX students in their science subject.

But in the experimental group, the hypothesis is rejected since the table value is less than the calculated value.

This shows that medium influences the academic achievement of standard IX students in their science subject.

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Achievements

Collecting primary data or first hand information will always give your research a more realistic touch. It will also add value to your paper. So don't hesitate to go forward and collect your own findings.

While choosing a research topic, make sure that the subject lies within your area of interest.

Double check if a strong hypothesis can be made on the subject.

Moreover, check if the subject has enough content available online.

Keep three to four research topics in hand before initiating the research.

Do not hurry with the research, as this can make a mess. First collect secondary data from the Internet about your topic and then head out for primary data, if necessary.

Interesting research topics can be easily found on news websites