ENDOCRINOLOGYPRESENTED BY:

PRINCESS ALEN I. AGUILAR

Hypothalamus

• Regulates the anterior pituitary gland’s release of hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones.

• The hypothalamus controls the autonomic nervous system.The autonomic nervous system is the

portion of the nervous system responsible for maintaining homeostasis.

Thus, damage to the hypothalamus results in severe imbalances in the internal environment.

Hypothalamus• The hypothalamus contains the thirst center, the hunger

center and the body's thermostat.Thus, damage to the hypothalamus frequently results in

water, glucose and temperature imbalances.• The hypothalamus controls the hypophysis (pituitary

gland, so it controls almost endocrine glands).The hypophysis is the most important endocrine gland in

the body and is often referred to as the "master gland“, because it controls most of the other endocrine glands in the body such as the thyroid, adrenal gland, testis and ovaries.

• The hypothalamus is the site of emotions and the effect emotions can have on the body

Pituitary Gland

Pituitary Gland

• Anterior Pituitary Gland• AKA Adenohypophysis

• Enclosed in a capsule of dense collagenous connective tissue consist largely of epithelial tissue organized in blocks around many thin walled vessels.

• Secrete six hormones

• AKA Hypophysis• Attached to the

hypothalamus• 1cm in diameter &

consist of an anterioir and posterior pituitary

Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones

Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones

Pituitary Gland

• AKA Neurohypophysis• Consist mainly of nerve

fibers and neuroglial cells unlike APG-Glandular EC

• Hormones secreted are originally from hypothalamus but this is where the hormones enter the blood stream.

• As hypothalamus regulates the ADH release from the Posterior Pit. Gland, osmoreceptors are the one responsible in sensing the osmotic pressure in the body fluids.

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Posterior Pituitary Gland’s HormonesCONTROL OF SECRETION PRINCIPAL ACTIONS

Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus secrete OT in response to uterine distention and stimulation of nipples

Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle cells of uterus during childbirth; stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells in mammary glands to cause milk ejection

Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus secrete ADH in response to elevated blood osmotic pressure, dehydration loss of blood volume, pain or stress; inhibitors of ADH secretion include low blood osmotic pressure , high blood volume, and alcohol

Conserves body water by decreasing urine volume decreases water loss through perspiration; raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles.

*AKA arginine vasopressin

Hormonal Disorders

HYPOSECRETION

• INADEQUATE RELEASE OF A HORMONE

HYPERSECRETION

• EXCESSIVE RELEASE OF HORMONE

Pituitary Gland DisordersPITUITARY DWARFISM

• Hyposecretion of GH during the growth years slows bone growth, and the epiphyseal plates close before normal height is reached. Other organs of the body are also failed to grow.

GIANTISM

• Hypersecretion of GH during childhood; abnormal increase in the length of the long bones.

Pituitary Gland Disorders

ACROMEGALY

• Hypersecretion of GH during the adulthood; it contribute to the thinkening of bones in the hands, feet, cheeks, jaws.

Pituitary Gland DisordersDiabetes insipidus

• The most common abnormality associated with dysfunction of the posterior pituitary.

• Diabetes= overflow• Insipidus= tasteless• Due to defect in ADH

receptors or an inability to secrete ADH.

• NEUROGENIC DI• Results from hyposecretion

of ADH, usually caused by brain tumor, head trauma or brain surgery.

• NEPHROGENIC DI• The kidney do not respond

to the ADH. Receptors maybe non-functional or the kidney may be damaged.

• Sx- Dehydration• Tx-Hormonal replacement

Restrcition from salt in the diet & use of diuretic drugs

THYROID GLAND

THYROID GLAND

THYROID GLAND’S HORMONES

THYROID GLAND DISORDERSCONGENITAL

HYPOTHYROIDISM

• Hyposeecretion of thyroid hormones that is present at birth

• Previously termed cretinism, this condition causes several mental retardation and stunted bone growth.

• Tx• Oral thyroid hormone must be

started soon after birth and continued for life upon diagnosis of having the disease

MYXEDEMA

• Hypothyroidism during the adulthood years.

• Hallmark is edema that causes facial tissues to swell and look puffy

• No mental retardation but person may be less alert.

• Tx• Oral thyroid hormones

reduce the Symptoms

THYROID GLAND DISORDERSGRAVE’S DISEASE

• The most common form of hyperthyroidism which also occurs seven to ten times more often in the females than in males, usually before 40 years old.

• An Autoimmune disorder in which the person produces Ab that mimic the action of TSH.

• Patients often have exophthalmos-edema behind the eyes

THYROID GLAND DISORDERSGOITER

• Is simply an enlarged thyroid gland. It may be associated with hyper or hypo or euthyroidism, which means norml secretion of thyroid hormone- dietary iodine intake is inadequate thus low levels of thyroid hormone consequently, stimulates secretion of TSH.

PARATHYROID GLAND

PARATHYROID GLAND

PARATHYROID GLAND’S HORMONE

PARATHYROID GLAND DISORDERSHYPOPARATHYROIDISM

• Too little parathyroid hormone-leads to a deficiency of blood Ca2+, which causes neurons and muscle fibers to depolarize and produce action potentials spontaneously.

• Leading cause is accidental damage or their blood supply during thyroidectomy surgey

HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

• An elevated level, most often is due to a tumor of one of the parathyroid glands.

• Will results to excessive resorption of bone matrix, raising the blood levels of calcium and phosphate ions and causing bones to become soft and easily fractured.

• High Calcium level promotes formation of kidney stones. Fatigue, personality changes and lethargy may also occur.

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