Human Development

Factors of Development Heredity

The transmission of traits and characteristics from parents to offspring.

It includes hereditary potentials such as : physical, mental, social, emotion and moral.

Environment The sum total of the forces or experience that a

person receives from conception to old age. Schools, Family, Nutrition, etc.

The Beginning of Life Female at birth has about 400,000 immature ova

in her two ovaries, right and left. Ovum, is the largest cell of the female human body.

Sperm is an elongated cell that is shaped like a tadpole. It is the smallest cell of the human body.

Life starts from the moment of Fertilization when conception begin.

Fertilization is the meeting of the ripe female sex cell called ovum and the male sex cell called spermatozoa in the fallopian tube.

Inside of the Sex Cells

Spermatozoa – contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 of which are pairs of X Chromosomes, and 1 unpaired Y Chromosomes.

Ovum – contain 23 pairs of chromosomes which are all X.

Both male and female chromosomes contain several thousands of GENES.

Genes are small particles in string like formation which are the true carrier of hereditary characteristics of the parent.

Within the genes is the substance called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is the code of heredity

DNA – contain information and instruction about the newly created organism. It programs the changes and the traits that should take place due to maturation and the period for their appearance.

How twins came about?

Monozygotic

Fraternal or Dizygotic

Developmental Stages1. Prenatal Stage – starts from conception to birth

(280 days)1. Period of Zygote – from fertilization to the end of the

second week.2. Period of embryo – From second week to the end of the

second lunar month. (formation of organs and accessory apparatus)

Accessory Apparatus: Placenta – source of nourishment Umbilical cord – the only real connection between the

unborn child and the mother which carries the nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the child.

Amniotic Sac – a thin membrane that houses the fetus and protects it from injury,

3. Period of fetus – this start from the end of the second month to birth.

2. Infancy – covers the period from birth to the second week. It is the shortest and most dangerous period.

3. Babyhood – from 2weeks of life to 2 years old.4. Childhood – starts from the 2nd year of life to 10

or 12 years old. 5. Puberty – the transition period6. Adolescence – teen years from 13-197. Adulthood - 19-40 y/o8. Middle age – 40- 60 y/o9. Old age – 60 - end

Principles of Heredity

Principle of Reproduction – “like begets like” Principles of Variation Principle of Chance Principle of dominance and recessiveness. Principle of Sex linked characteristics

Motor Development

Speech Development At the early stage cooing, crying, bubbling

and gesturing are the means of child's communication to adult.

Language begin when the child produces bubbling sounds. Bubbling produces vowels and consonants sound which encourages parents to interact verbally with the children.

Emotional DevelopmentCommon emotion that children manifest

at an early age:AngerFearJoyLove

Stages of love that a young child shows:1. Auto-erotic stage – interest in his body and

processes2. Narcissistic stage – child’s love object is the

SELF3. Parental Stage – attachment to parents4. Sexual latency stage – no prominent affection5. Homosexual stage – during pre-adolescence,

boys and girls show affection for their own sex and feel happy when they are with their own sex.

6. Heterosexual stage – stage of affection for opposite sex.

Moral Stage Moral development starts at Home.

Some possible effects on the Development of the Embryo and Fetus during Pregnancy1. Alcohol – mental retardation, addiction, hyperactivity,

undersized body.2. Aspirin – respiratory bleeding3. Caffeine – stimulates the fetus4. Cigarettes – undersize, premature delivery and fetal death5. Cocaine – spontaneous abortion, neurological problem6. Heavy mental – retardation and still birth7. Marijuana – birth defect8. Paint fumes – mental retardation9. Vitamin a – eye damage10. Vitamin d – mental retardation11. X-ray – malformation of organs12. Rubella(German measles) – damage nerves, impaired vision,

hearing