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What is Behaviour?
Most people use the word behaviour mean to ‘conduct’
Psychology regards behaviour as any observable activity by human being
Most Human Behaviours result from a combination of factors.
Stimulus
ResponseConsequence
How can behaviour be observed ?
What is stimulus?
A Stimulus can be defined as “the energy available in the physical environment which impinge on an individual.”
How do we recognise or ignore this energy ?
Response to the Stimulus : Sensation (Information)
The response to the stimulus is Sensation
At least 10 sensations have been isolated
– Vision– Audition– Olfaction– Touch, temperature, pain,
taste– Common chemical sense– Kinesthetic sense– Vestibular sense
Audition Vision
Olfaction
Individual
Perception
Perception results from adding meaning sensation
Perception can be defined as “the cognitive process of selecting, organising and attaching meaning or interpretation to events objects or people in the environment”
Perception is said to have taken place only after the information (sensation) has been interpreted
Perception plays an important role in the “Human Behaviour”
Perception : Influencing Factors
Major Factors
Learning
Motives and Emotions
Maturation and Heredity
Learning
We learn through perception
Past experiences or previous learning affect present perception
For e.g. : Gun– Hunter perceives it to be an object that evokes excitement .
– A person whose son is killed in a firing incident in the past
perceives it to be an object that evokes fear and pain
Motives and Emotions
Emotions and Motives have major influence on perception For e.g.: Hungry people, tend to perceive food and related things
everywhere.
Prejudiced mind perceives selectively other people in ways that
support it
For e.g.:– A boy who is in love with a girl perceives her every action
as an indication of love towards him.
Maturation and Heredity
Maturity of sensory organs– Born blind cannot make sense of the visual environment, even
after getting vision with the help of a surgery.
– After surviving for years in a lightless world, they have to unlearn all their auditory and tactile
– Need to accommodate the new visual frame of reference Heredity
– Human beings are born with talents, these need to be developed through practice
Cognition- Thinking
Cognition represents the most complex form of a Human Behaviour
– It is the highest form of mental activity– It is the basis for all human achievements– Concepts, problem solving, language intelligence and creativity all
are depend upon the ability to think– It is purposeful,mental manipulation of words and images– It helps the human to solve problems without any physical motion
Cognition- contd
There are few elements of thinking are identified such as
– Concepts– Propositions– Images– Reasoning
Cognition- Concepts
Concepts are mental categories for objects or events that
look different but similar to one another in certain respects
Concept formation– Abstraction
– Dog ness
– Generalisation– Biting is essential
Concepts- Classification
Concepts- classification1– Objects
– Table, Horse and Man
– Qualities– Brightness, Sincerity and Honesty
– Relations– Big, Small and Narrow
Concepts- classification2– Artificial concepts
– Tomato, Triangle
– Natural concepts– Painting, music and dancing
Cognition- Propositions
Propositions are cognitive actions that relate concepts to one another
Basic element of thinking process
Thinking is an active process
Frequently thinking involves relating one concept to another
or one feature of concept to the entire concept
e.g. 1.Politicians are often-Self serving
2. This is a very interesting book.
Cognition - Images
Images may be defined as a revived percept without a stimulation of the sense organs from an external source
Think about your friend!!!!!!!!
You make a mental picture of your friend
What happens??
Cognition- Imagination
Imagination is the process of manipulating the mental images in our thinking
We can imagine any way
e.g. Imagine a dog chasing a Tiger!!!!!!
Cognition-Reasoning
Reasoning is a form of logical thinking
Reasoning can be defined as ‘a cognitive activity that transforms the information to reach specific conclusions’
How people use formal reasoning procedures
There are two major forms– Deductive reasoning– Inductive reasoning
Cognition- Deductive reasoning
To explain deductive reasoning Aristotle proposed a logical form called –Syllogism
Syllogism is a step by step approach to arrive at a conclusion
The steps are – Major premise – Minor premise– Conclusione.g. All men are mortal (major premise) Socrates is a man ( minor premise) Therefore Socrates is mortal (conclusion)
Cognition-Inductive reasoning
‘The conceptual complement of deductive reasoning is inductive reasoning’
In inductive reasoning We infer general rule from a specific case.
Generally detectives and secret agents use this form of reasoning to identify criminals by amassing all the clues
– e.g. If a person blows pop music regularly. We try to form an impression about that person as a whole with that specific piece of information
Cognition-Other Important aspects
Problem solving– Trial and error method– Testing hypothesis– Algorithms– Heuristics– Working background– Analogies
Intelligence – Emotional intelligence – Artificial intelligence
Cognition- Other important aspects
Creativity– Divergent thinking– Convergent thinking
Memory – Sensory memory– Short-term memory– Long-term memory
Attitudes: Human behaviour
Attitudes are associations between attitude objects and evaluations of those objects.
“Attitude is nothing but the quality and direction of our thought process through which we respond to the world”.
According to most psychologists attitudes are learned.
How attitudes are formed?
Attitudes: Human behaviour
Attitudes are acquired through experience
– Social learning: Acquiring attitudes from others Classical conditioning Instrumental conditioning
– Modeling: Learning by example– Comparison and attitude formation– Genetic Factors
Attitude Formation: Social Learning
When we interact with others or merely observe their behaviour attitudes are learned.
This is known as classical conditioning Classical conditioning can occur below the levels of conscious
awareness even when persons are not aware of the stimuli– e.g. We can quote a real life situation here. – A young child, for instance sees her mother frown and show
emotional discomfort each time she encounters members of a minority group- a particular racial group.
Attitude Formation: Social Learning
A learning state to “Right” views .
This process is called instrumental conditioning.
By rewarding children with smiles, approval or hugs elders can play a key role in this process.
– e.g.: Parents applause every time their child dances for a popular dance number, dancing becomes a habit for the child.
Positive reinforcement is the basis of this process– People repeat their attitudes when they receive reward and
recognition for their ‘Right’ views
Modeling: Learning by example
Modeling is a basic form of a learning in which we acquire new forms of attitude by observing others
Often children observe their parents and repeat what ever they do.– Parents need to be careful and conscious in the way they exhibit their
attitudes in the presence of children.– Normally parents deny children from doing lot of things which are fine
for themselves
e.g.: Telling lies, Smoking and Watching adult movies
It is very clear that children learn to do what their parents do , but not what they say!!!!!!!!!!!
Attitude formation: Comparison
This refers to our tendency to compare ourselves with others.
We use this, in order to determine whether our view of social reality is correct or not.
We often change our attitudes, so as to hold our views closer to that of others
This process helps us to form new attitudes
Attitude formation: Genetic factors
We accept the fact that genetic factors influence the physical aspects i.e.; Height, color of skin and eyes etc...
Similarly these genetic factors influence our way of ‘thinking’
Thought occurs in brain and it is also a physical part, as any other part of the body which has influence of genes.
However, to some extent, genetic factors do influence attitude
Attitudes : Influence on Human Behaviour
Does attitude influence Human Behaviour?
If yes when and how?
According to Allport attitudes are a set of tendencies and predispositions which have major impact on Human behaviour.
Studies have shown that there is often a sizable gap between attitudes and behaviour
La-Piere had interpreted the attitude Behaviour gap-as something between what people say and what actually they do.
Attitudes : Influence on Human Behaviour
Several studies have shown that there are major factors which serve as ‘moderators’ –they influence to which extent attitudes affect behaviour.
They are most related to
Aspects of situation Aspects of attitudes of themselves Aspects of individuals
Moderators : Aspects of Situation
They are purely
SituationalIn fact, people cannot express their attitude, since that would be
contrary to the norms in a given situation Time pressureIf persons are under time pressure and as a result haveto
– Take a decision– Act quickly
They tend to fallback on their attitudes as quick-and-easy guides.- They become more attentive and use info carefully!
Moderators : Aspects of attitudes themselves
The link between attitudes and Behaviour is strongly moderated by aspects of attitudes themselves
Attitude origins– Direct experience and indirect process
Attitude Strength– Strength refers to the extremity or intensity of the attitude how
strong is the emotional reaction provoked by attitude object Attitude importance
– Self – interest – Social identification– Value relevance
Moderators : Aspects of Individual
Is attitude Behaviour link is stronger for some persons than for others ?
Yes through process called - Self-monitoring Low self-monitored
– Focus their attention outward and try to match with the people around them
– Predictable High self-monitored
– Use their attitude as a guide to their behaviour– Look or focus inward– Unpredictable
Attitudes: Influence on Human behaviour
How do attitudes influence behaviour? Two basic mechanisms identified by researchers
Attitudes, Reasoned thought and Behaviour– Intentions of the person– Subjective norms. Related to beliefs of the person how others will
evaluate this behaviour
Attitudes, immediate Behaviour Reactions– Attitude influences perception– Knowledge about several social norms
Personality- Human Behaviour
Clearly speaking, there is something inside people that makes them think, feel and act in a situation
That “Something Inside” is what we mean by personality
“Personality can be defined as the unique and consistent pattern of behaviour , thoughts and feelings in a wide variety of situations over a long period of time”
Consistency is the “KEY”
Personality -Determinants
Biological factors– Genetics– Hormones
Physical environment– Climate– Ions
Psychological factors– Self-concept– intelligence
Personality – Determinants
Familial Determinants– Identification – Child rearing practice– Influence on self-concept
Social class– Social stratification
Cultural factors– Values and Norms– Religion– Education
Personality - Types
Generally people describe persons or personalities as shy, irritable, gullible, aggressive, dominant, sociable, easygoing, jovial, cunning etc….
To put it in simple terms personality is the unique, relatively consistent pattern of thinking, feeling and behaving”
Our personality , otherwise is the behaviour noticed by others
Personality-Types
Carl Gustav Jung studied personality vs behaviour in depth and established personality types theory
He believed that each individual has a psychological type
He believed there are two basic functions which humans use in their lives
– How we take information (Perceive)– How we make decisions (Response)
1875 to 1961
Jung with Freud
Personality-Types
He believed that within these two categories, there are two opposite ways of functioning:
We can perceive information via our – Senses
or– Intuition
We can make decisions based on our– Objective logic
or– Subjective feelings
Personality-Types
Jung believed that we all use these four functions in our lives
An order of preference and difference in usage of these functions is identified in every individual by Jung
The most frequently used function is “Dominant”
This is supported by an “Auxiliary” function Tertiary Inferior
Personality-Types
Jung derived in his theory that individuals either be – Extroverted
or – Introverted
as a dominant function
He felt that the dominant function is so important, it over shadows the all other functions in terms of defining a personality type.
Personality-Types
Therefore Jung defined 8 personality types– Extraverted Sensing (modern types: ESFP, ESTP) – Introverted Sensing (modern types: ISTJ, ISFJ) – Extraverted Intuition (modern types: ENFP, ENTP) – Introverted Intuition (modern types: INFJ, INTJ) – Extraverted Thinking (modern types: ESTJ, ENTJ) – Introverted Thinking (modern types: ISTP, INTP) – Extraverted Feeling (modern types: ESFJ, ENFJ) – Introverted Feeling (modern types: INFP, ISFP)
Personality-Types
The developed theory today is that every individual has a primary mode of operation within four categories:
Our flow of energy How we take in information How we prefer to make decisions
The basic day-to-day lifestyle that we prefer
Personality-Types
Within each of these categories, we "prefer" to be either:
– Extraverted or Introverted – Sensing or intuitive – Thinking or Feeling – Judging or Perceiving
The combination of our four "preferences" defines our personality type
Personality-Types
Flow of Energy defines– How we receive the essential part of our stimulation?– Do we receive it from within ourselves (Introverted) or from
external sources (Extroverted)? – Is our dominant function focused externally or internally?
Take in Information deals with our preferred method of taking in
and absorbing information. – Do we trust our five senses (Sensing) to take in information,
or – do we rely on our instincts (Intuitive)?
Personality-Types
Make Decisions refers to – Whether we are prone to decide things based on logic and
objective consideration (Thinking)?
or – based on our personal, subjective value systems (Feeling)?
Day-to-day Basis.– Are we organised and purposeful, and more comfortable with
scheduled, structured environments (Judging)?
or – Are we flexible and diverse, and more comfortable with open,
casual environments (Perceiving)?
Personality - Types Today
The theory of Personality Types, as it stand today, contends that:
– An individual is either primarily Extraverted or Introverted – An individual is either primarily Sensing or Intuitive – An individual is either primarily Thinking or Feeling – An individual is either primarily Judging or Perceiving
The possible combinations of the basic preferences form 16 different Personality Types.
Personality Types- Introverted
Dominant Introverted Intuition– INTJ & INFJ Personality Type
Dominant Introverted Sensing– ISTJ & ISFJ Personality Type
Dominant Introverted Thinking– INTP & ISTP Personality Type
Dominant Introverted Feeling– INFP & ISFP Personality Type
Personality Types- Extroverted
Dominant Extraverted Intuition– ENTP & ENFP Personality Type
Dominant Extraverted Sensing– ESTP & ESFP Personality Type
Dominant Extraverted Thinking– ENTJ & ESTJ Personality Type
Dominant Extraverted Feeling– ENFJ & ESFJ Personality Type
Personality-Types
The Four Preferences
– Extraversion and Introversion
– Sensing and Intuition
– Thinking and Feeling
– Judging and Perceiving
Personality-Types
Extroversion and Introversion We are extroverting when we:
– Talk to other people – Listen to what someone is saying – Cook dinner, or make a cup of coffee – Work on a car
We are introverting when we: – Read a book – Think about what we want to say or do – Are aware of how we feel – Think through a problem so that we understand
Personality-Types
Sensing and Intuition We are Sensing when we:
– Taste food – Notice a stoplight has changed – Memorize a speech – Follow steps in a plan
We are Intuitive when we: – Come up with a new way of doing things – Think about future implications for a current action – Perceive underlying meaning in what people say or do – See the big picture
Personality-Types
Thinking and Feeling
We are making decisions in the Thinking mode when we: – Research a product via consumer reports, and buy the best one to
meet our needs – Do "The Right Thing", whether or not we like it – Choose not to buy a blue shirt which we like, because we have two
blue shirts
– Establish guidelines to follow for performing tasks
Personality-Types
Thinking and Feeling
We are making decisions in the Feeling mode when we: – Decide to buy something because we like it – Refrain from telling someone something which we feel may upset
them – Decide not to take a job because we don't like the work
environment – Decide to move somewhere to be close to someone we care about
Personality-Types
Judging and Perceiving
We are using Judging when we: – Make a list of things to do – Schedule things in advance – Form and express judgments – Bring closure to an issue so that we can move on
We are using Perceiving when we: – Postpone decisions to see what other options are available – Act spontaneously – Decide what to do as we do it, rather than forming a plan ahead of
time – Do things at the last minute
Personality-Types
Few points to remember– No individual will fall into one category– It becomes clear that we cannot box individuals into prescribed
formulas for behaviour– Each of us has a natural preference which falls into one category
(Native Personality)– Personality Type indicates how we are likely to deal with different
situations that life presents, and in which environments we are most comfortable.
– Learning about our Personality Type helps us to understand why certain areas in life come easily to us, and others are more of a struggle
Practical Application for Personality Types
Learning about other people's Personality Types help us to understand the most effective way to communicate with them, and how they function best
Career Guidance – What types of tasks are we most suited to perform? Where are we
naturally most happy?
Managing Employees
– How can we best understand an employee's natural capabilities, and where they will find the most satisfaction?
Practical Application for Personality Types
Inter-personal Relationships– Understanding of their reactions to situations, – Communicate with them on a level which they will
understand
· Education – We can develop different teaching methods to effectively educate
different types of people
· Counseling – we can help individuals understand themselves better, and
become better able to deal with their strengths and weaknesses
Stimulus
ResponseConsequence
Personality Type -Human Behaviour
Human Behaviour- Change
“Change is the only thing that is constant”
Human Behaviour is complex and it changes by experience
Thank you
