57
“Biosphere”

HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

nice

Citation preview

Page 1: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

“Biosphere”

Page 2: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Rudolf, I’m thinking of living

somewhere where there is no

one but me. What do you

think?

Page 3: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Are you out of your mind?! Here is where we belong! This is our

righteous place.

to

Page 4: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

This is where our friends, family, and all the things

we need exist. We should

learn to live together for our benefit. We are all

parts of this BIOSPHERE.

I guess you’re right.

Speaking of, we need

to finish our report about the

biosphere!

Page 5: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

The next day…

Page 6: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Today, Rudolf and I will discuss about the Biosphere.

Page 7: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

The Biosphere

the global sum of all ecosystems. It can also be called the zone of life on Earth, a closed (apart from solar and cosmic radiation) and self-regulating system.

Page 8: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

What is an Ecosystem?

An ecosystem is a biological environment consisting of all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as all the nonliving, physical components of the environment with which the organisms interact, such as air, soil, water and sunlight.

Page 9: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Fig.1

An illustration of an Ecosystem.

Page 10: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Types of Ecosystems

1. Natural  Terrestrial ecosystem  Aquatic ecosystem a. Marine b. Fresh Water2. Artificial-ecosystems created by

humans.

Page 11: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Natural Ecosystems

1.Terrestrial ecosystemis an ecosystem found only on

a landform. Four primary terrestrial ecosystems exist: 

tundra, taiga, temperate deciduous forest and grassland.

Page 12: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

tundra is a biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. The term tundra comes through Russian тундра from the KildinSami word tūndâr  uplands or treeless mountain tract.

Page 13: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Fig.2

A Tundra in Greenland

Page 14: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Taiga, also known as the boreal forest, is a biome characterized by coniferous forests. Taiga is the world's largest land biome, and makes up 29% of the world's forest cover; the largest areas are located in Russia and Canada.

Page 15: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Fig.3

A taiga in Alaska

Page 16: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Temperate deciduous forestTemperate Deciduous forest -A temperate deciduous forest

consists of trees that lose their leaves every year. Many well-known animals live in this kind of forest. Some examples are the Eastern Gray Squirrel, bears, beavers, foxes, deer, rats, snakes, mice, wolves, raccoons, and large birds of prey like red-tailed hawks.

Page 17: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Fig. 4

A temperate forest in Germany

Page 18: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Grasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses (Poaceae) and other herbaceous (non-woody) plants. Grasslands occur naturally on all continents except Antarctica but Grasslands are found in most ecological regions of the Earth.

Page 19: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Fig.5

(From left Clockwise)Grasslands from:•California•Masbate•Kansas•Tibet

Page 20: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

2. Aquatic ecosystem An aquatic ecosystem is an

ecosystem located in a body of water. Communities of organisms that are dependent on each other and on their environment live in aquatic ecosystems. The two main types of aquatic ecosystems are:

marine ecosystems freshwater ecosystems

Page 21: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Marine ecosystems are among the largest of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include oceans, salt marsh and intertidal ecology, estuaries and lagoons, mangroves and coral reefs, the deep sea and the sea floor.

Page 22: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Fig.6

A marine ecosystem

Page 23: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams and springs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. Freshwater ecosystems can be divided into lentic ecosystems (still water) and lotic ecosystems (flowing water).

Page 24: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Fig.7

An angel fish, a fish found in the fresh waters of Australia.

Page 25: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

What are the components of an ecosystem?

1.) Abiotic Components These include the non-living,

physico - chemical factors such as air, water, soil and the basic elements and compounds of the environment.

Abiotic factors are broadly classified under three categories.

Page 26: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

 It is all the organisms in a given area, along with the nonliving (abiotic) factors with which they interact; a biological community and its physical environment.

Page 27: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Three broad classifications of Abiotic factors

Climatic factors which include the climatic regime and physical factors of the environment like light, humidity, atmospheric temperature, wind, etc.

Page 28: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Edaphic factors which are related to the

structure and composition of soil including its physical and chemical properties, like soil and its types, soil profile, minerals, organic matter, soil water, soil organisms.

Page 29: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Inorganic substances like water, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus and so on. Organic substances like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, humic substances etc.

Page 30: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

2.) Biotic componentsThe Biotic environment involves

all the living organisms that come regularly into contact with each other, how they interact and their mutual influences.

Page 31: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

The biotic components of an ecosystem includes:

ProducersProducers are organisms which are able to manufacture organic compounds from inorganic substances from their environment. Green plants are able to do this by means of photosynthesis, where the sun provides the necessary energy. Therefore these green plants are the autotrophic organisms or primary producers in most ecosystems.

Page 32: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

ConsumersThis component is made up of organisms which cannot make organic compounds from inorganic substances. They are dependant upon autotrophic organisms and are the consumers or heterotrophic organisms in an ecosystem.

Page 33: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

The consumers are further subdivided according to their diet, into:

herbivores or plant eaters which are the primary consumers.

carnivores or meat eaters which are the secondary consumers; some carnivores are called predators which catch their prey, kill it and then eat it; others are called scavengers which usually eat what is left by the predators.

Page 34: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Fig.8a•An image of a fox(a carnivore)

Fig.8b•An image of a goat(a herbivore)

Page 35: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

omnivores eat plant and animal material and can be primary, secondary and tertiary consumers simultaneously; a human being is a good example of an omnivore.

Page 36: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Fig.9

An image of a human being(an omnivore)

Page 37: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Feeding relationship

These are the relations between the predator and its prey. Meaning to say, it is the ways of how energy and consumption takes place in the natural world.

Page 38: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Types of feeding relationships

1. Food chain food chain is a linear sequence of

links in a food web starting from a tropic species that eats no other species in the web and ends at a tropic species that is eaten by no other species in the web.

Page 39: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Fig. 10

An example of a food chain.Osprey feed on northern pike, which in turn feed on perch which eat bleak that feed on freshwater shrimp feeding with seaweeds.

Sun

Page 40: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

2. Food web- food web depicts feeding connections (who eats whom) in an ecological community. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called tropic levels:

 autotrophs- producers  heterotrophs -an organism that

cannot  fix carbon and uses organic carbon for growth.

Page 41: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Fig.11

Click icon to add pictureA coastal food web in Alaska.

Sun

Page 42: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

3. Ecological pyramid  Ecological pyramid is a graphical

representation designed to show the biomass or biomass productivity at each tropic level in a given ecosystem.

Page 43: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Fig.12

An example of an ecological pyramid.

Plants are feeded by the giraffes which is ate by the Lion which is the apex predator.

Page 44: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Tropic levels

the position it occupies in a food chain. A food chain represents a succession of organisms that eat another organism and are, in turn, eaten themselves. The number of steps an organism is from the start of the chain is a measure of its trophic level.

Page 45: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

 Food chains start at trophic level 1 with primary producers such as plants, move to herbivores at level 2, predators at level 3 and typically finish with carnivores or apex predators at level 4 or 5.

Page 46: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

To make it simple….

Page 47: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

5- Apex Predators

1- Primary producers

2-Herbivores

3-Carnivores

or

4-Apex Predators

Fig.13

Page 48: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

The flow of energy in an Ecosystem

In ecology, energy flow, also called the calorific flow, refers to the flow of energy through a food chain. In an ecosystem, ecologists seek to quantify the relative importance of different component species and feeding relationships.

Page 49: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Fig.14

The energy flow in an ecosystem.

Page 50: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

The energy pyramid

An energy pyramid is a graphical representation designed to show the biomass or biomass productivity at each tropic level in a given ecosystem.

Page 51: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Biomass

is the amount of living or organic matter present in an organism. Biomass pyramids show how much biomass is present in the organisms at each tropic level, while productivity pyramids show the production or turnover in biomass.

Page 52: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

The 7 environmental principles

Page 53: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem
Page 54: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

1. Nature knows best.2. All forms of life are important.3. Everything is connected to everything else.4. Everything changes.5. Everything must go somewhere.6. Ours is a finite earth.7. Nature is beautiful and we are stewardsof God’s creation.

Page 55: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem
Page 56: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem

Christian L. ChuaRay Rudolf Pastrana

Prepared by:

Page 57: HS Science 2 (Biology) lesson-Ecosystem