Seminar On

HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID

CHROMATOGRAPHY

Presented By

MANOJ KUMAR.M

M pharmacy 1st year

H.tno.636217885001

Under Guidance Of

Prof. Dr. S.Y.ManjunathDEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS

SRIKRUPA INISTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

(Approved by AICTE;PCI)

(Affiliated to osmania university) 1

HPLC stands for “High Performance Liquid Chromatography”. High performance liquid chromatography is a powerful tool in

analysis, it yields high performance and high speed compared to traditional column chromatography because of the forcibly pumped mobile phase

Chromatography: • Separation of mixture of samples into individual samples.• It is a separation technique which separation take Between two

phases 1.Stationary phase 2.Mobile phase1.Stationary phase : The substance on which adsorption of analyte take place.2.Mobile phase: Solvent which carries the analyte.

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Liquid chromatography: It is a chromatographic technique in which mobile phase is a liquid. The main principle involved in liquid chromatography is adsorption.

PRINCIPLE When a mixture of samples introduced into column various chemical and physical interactions takes place between column material and components present in the sample travel according to their relative affinities towards the stationary phase . the component which has more affinity towards the stationary phase ,travels slower. The components which having less affinity towards stationary phase travels faster.More over it work very efficiently compare to other chromatographic techniques. In this high pressure pump is used to transfer the sample to stationary phase. so it is also called as high pressure liquid chromatography.

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The principle of HPLC are based on Van Demeter equation which relates the efficiency of the chromatographic column to the particle size of the column, molecular diffusion and thickness of stationary phase.

The Van Deemter Equation is given asH or HETP = A + B/u + C υ

Where,A= Represents eddy diffusion,B= Represents molecular diffusion,C =Represents rate of mass transfer,υ =Represents flow rate.

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TYPES OF HPLC

1. Based on Mode Of Separation.2. Based on Principle Of Separation.3. Based on Elution Technique.4. Based on Scale Of Operation.5. Based on Type Of Analysis.

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1.BASED ON MODE OF SEPARATION Normal Phase HPLC: This method separates analytes on

the basis of polarity. NP-HPLC uses polar stationary phase and non-polar mobile phase. Therefore, the stationary phase is usually Silica and typical mobile phases are hexane, methylene chloride, chloroform, diethyl ether, and mixtures of these.

Reverse Phase HPLC :The stationary phase is non polar (hydrophobic) in nature, such as C18, C8, Cyano columns used. While the mobile phase is a polar liquid, such as mixtures of water and methanol or acetonitrile.

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2.BASED ON PRINCIPLE OF SEPRATIONi)Adsorption chromatography: In which stationary phase is an

adsorbent. The compounds separated based

on their affinity towards stationa -ry phase.

More affinity-slow elution Less affinity-fast elutionii)Partition chromatography: A process of separation of solutes utilizing the

partition of the solutes between two liquid phases Namely the original solvent and the film of solvent on the

adsorption column.

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iii)Size-Exclusion HPLC: In which the stationary phase is a gel having a closely

controlled pore size. Molecules are separated based on molecular size, shape

smaller molecules being temporarily retained in the pores and mainly Agarose , Dextran used as mobile phase.

iv)Ion-Exchange HPLC: Ion-exchange chromatography separates molecules based on

their respective charged groups. Ion-exchange chromatography retains analyte molecules on

the column based on coulombic (ionic) interactions. Essentially, molecules undergo electrostatic interactions with

opposite charges on the stationary phase matrix.

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3.BASED ON ELUTION TECHNIQUEDuring the chromatographic experiment, a pump can deliver a

constant mobile phase composition(isocratic) or an increasing mobile phase composition (gradient).

i) Isocratic Elution

Delivers constant mobile phase composition; Solvent must be pre-mixed; Lowest cost pump; Best for simple preparation.ii) Gradient Elution

Delivers variable mobile phase composition; In this mobile phase is programmed to change in composition

during elution time; Best for complex preparations.

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4.BASED ON SCALE OF OPERATIONi)Analytical HPLC:

No recovery of individual components of substance.ii)Preparative HPLC:

Individual components of substance can be recovered.

5.BASED ON TYPE OF ANALYSISi)Qualitative Analysis:

Determine the quality of sample.ii)Quantitative Analysis:

Determine the quantity(concentration) of sample.

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I. Solvent Reservoir ,Mixing system & Degassing system

II. High Pressure Pump.III. Sample Injector.IV. Column.V. Detectors.VI. Data Recording System.

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HPLC INSTRUMENTATION OVER-VIEW

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I. Solvent reservoir & Mixing unit & degassing system

The appropriate solvents [mobile phase] from the reservoirs are allowed to enter the mixing chamber where a homogenous mixture is obtained.

Several gases are soluble in organic solvents. When solvents are pumped under high pressure, gas

bubbles are formed which will interfere with the separation process, steady base line and the shape of the peak.

Hence degassing of solvent is important. This can be done by -Vacuum filtration,-Helium purging,-Ultrasonication.

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II. High pressure pump

The role of the pump is to force a liquid (called the mobile phase)through the liquid chromatograph at a specific flow rate, expressedin milliliters per min (mL /min).

Normal flow rates in HPLC are in the 1-to 2-mL/min range. Typical pumps can reach pressures in the range of 6000-

9000psi (400-to 600bar). There are several types of pumps used for HPLC most

commonly used are:-1.Reciprocating Piston Pump, 2.Syringe Pump, 3.Constant Pressure Pump.

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1.Reciprocating pump: -The piston is moved in and out of a solvent chamber by an -eccentric cam or gear. -The forward-stroke closes the inlet-check value while the outlet valve opens and the respective mobile phase is duly pumped into the column. -Consequently, the return-stroke-closes the outlet valve and it refills the chamber.Advantages: -*The internal-volume can be made very small from 10-100 μl,*The flow-rate can be monitored either by changing the length of the piston or by varying the speed of the motor. *It has an easy access to the valves and seals.

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2.Syringe type pump: - These are most suitable for small columns because this pump

delivers only a fixed volume of mobile phase is forced from the pump to column by motor.

-The rate of solvent delivery is controlled by changing the voltage on the motor.

3.Constant Pressure Pump : -A constant-pressure pump acts by applying a constant pressure

to the mobile-phase. -The flow rate through the column is determined by the flow

resistance of the column.

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III. Injector: The injector serves to introduce the liquid sample into the

flow stream of the mobile phase. Typical sample volumes are 5 to 20μL. The injector must also be able to withstand the high pressures

of the liquid system.Types of injectors :A. Manual injectors:

User manually loads sample into the injector using a syringe and then turns the handle to inject sample into the flowing mobile

B. Auto sampler injector:

User loads vials filled with sample solution into the auto sampler tray(100 samples)-Measures the appropriate sample volume,-Injects the sample,

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Manual injectors

Auto sampler injector

IV. Column The column [stationary phase] separates the sample components of

interest using various physical and chemical parameters. The columns used for HPLC are generally made up of stainless steel .

so they can withstand up to high pressure [8000psi]. Straight columns of 20-50 cm in length & 1-4mm in diameter are

used . Particle size should be for porous particles 20-40μm. For porous

micro particles it should be 3-10 μm. porous plugs of stainless steel are used in ends of column to retain

the packing material.Stationary phases used in column:

-Alumina-Silica-Polystyrene-Polyvinyl acetate beads 20

TYPES OF COLUMNS IN HPLC:A. Guard ColumnB. Fast ColumnC. Preparative(i.d. > 4.6 mm; lengths50-250mm)D. Capillary (i.d. 0.1 -1.0 mm; various lengths)A. Guard column: Guard columns, set between the injector and an

analytical column, are used to protect analytical columns from chemical impurities in samples. We have two types of guard columns. Cartridge type which can be changed easily by hand, and Packed type, which are packed in stainless cartridge like analytical columns.

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B. Fast column:One of the primary reasons for using these column is to obtain improved sample output ( amount of compound per unit time).Fast column are designed to decrease the time of chromatographic analysis.C. Capillary column: They allow the user to work with nano liter sample volume , decreased flow rate and decreased solvent usage volume , led to cost effectiveness.D. Preparative column: It Used when objective is to prepare bulk ( milligrams) of sample for laboratory preparatory application. It has usually a large column diameter , which is designed to facilitate large volume injections into the HPLC system.

COLUMN EFFICIENCY IN SEPARATION PROCESSA. Theoretical plates:

Chromatographic column contains a large number of separate layers, called ‘Theoretical Plates’.

Separate equilibrations of the sample between the stationary and mobile phase occur in these "plates".

The analyte moves down the column by transfer of equilibrated mobile phase from one plate to the next.

It is important to remember that the plates do not really exist ; they are a figment of the imagination that helps us understand the processes at work in the column.

B. HETP [Height Equivalent to a Theoretical plate]: A theoretical plate is an imaginary unit of a column, where

distribution of solute between , stationary phase and mobile phase, has attained equilibrium.

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It also called as functional unit of the column. It can be of any height , which describes the efficiency of

separation HETP = L / N

Where HETP = LENTH OF COLUMN / NUMBER OF THEORETICAL PLATES

If HETP is less , the column is more efficient . If HETP is more , the column is les s efficient .C. RESOLUTION: The most important thing in HPLCis to obtain the optimum resolutionin the minimum time Resolution is the ability to separate

two signals i.e., separation of two constituents.

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D. PEAK ASYMMETRY In the ideal world all chromatographic peaks would be

symmetrical (or Gaussian) . However, due to the effects of instrument ,adsorptive effects of

the stationary phase and the quality of the column packing peaks may often show tailing & fronting behavior.Fronting : Deformation at the beginning of the peak. It is due to saturation of stationary phase with higher quantity of components.Tailing: Deformation at the end of the peak. It is due to similarity of polarity for a component towards stationary phase.

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FACTORS AFFECTING EFFICIENCY OF COLUMN

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V.DETECTORS:

1. UV- Visible Dectectors.2. Photo Diode Array Detectors.3. Refractive Index Detectors.4. Fluorescence Detectors. 5. Conductivity Detectors.6. Mass Spectrometer.7. Evaporative Light Scattering Detectors.

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Refractive index detector

Fluorescence detectors

HPLC ADVANTAGES: Speed(minutes). High resolution. Sensitivity. Accuracy. Automation.HPLC DISADVANTAGES : Co-elution. Cost. Complexity.

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SOFTWARES USED IN HPLC

Borwin software - JASCO HPLC.

Class-VP –SHIMADZU.

Hitachi Primaide HPLC System Manager- HITACHI.

HPLC/AAA Software –HITACHI.

EZChrom Elite - Waters Corporation.

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APPLICATIONS Purification Of Samples. Identification Of Compounds. Determination Of Impurities. Determine the Concentration Of Drug. Biopharmaceutical & Pharmacokinetic Studies. Drug Stability Studies. Qualitative & Quantitative Analysis. Environmental Applications[ analysing air & water

pollutants. Separation Of Mixture Of Samples.

Ex: Carbohydrates

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Separation of carbohydrates

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QUANTITATIVE ANAYSIS To measure the concentration of each compound in a sample. There are 2 main ways to interpret a chromatogram. Determination of the peak height of a chromatographic peak

as measured from the baseline. Detection of the peak area.

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QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS The identification of individual compounds in the sample. The most common parameter for compound identification is its

Retention Time [Is the amount of time a compound spends on the column after injection]

Depending on the detector used, compound. identification is also based on the chemical structure, molecular weight or some other molecular parameter.

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REFERENCES Principles of instrumental analysis- Doglas A

skoog Instrumental methods of chemical analysis-

Gurudeep R.chatwal, sham K. anand Textbook of chemical analysis-

Francis Rouessac and Annick Rouessac 2nd edition john wiley & sons ltd

Text book of modern analytical chemistry-David harvey

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