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How You Should Cite Sources APA Style

How to Cite Sources APA Style

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Basic rules for citing sources, presenting tables and figures, and using heading are presented. Examples are provided.

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Page 1: How to Cite Sources APA Style

How  You  Should  Cite  Sources  APA  Style  

Page 2: How to Cite Sources APA Style

The American Psychological Association (APA) developed a style to help us express essential information of research in a uniform and unambiguous way.

Page 3: How to Cite Sources APA Style

APA style has become a standard to reference sources in journals, books, electronic databases, theses/ dissertations, research reports, academic papers, etc.

Page 4: How to Cite Sources APA Style

APA rules refer to a wide scope of elements of referencing sources, manuscript writing, reporting inferential statistics, electronic presentation of data, and publication process. Such amount of information has been presented in many manuals and web pages. That makes the theme intimidating for students. However, there are some basic rules that can be easily learned. They refer to citing, presentation of tables and figures, and use of headings. If you learn them, you will need help only for specific and less common cases.

Page 5: How to Cite Sources APA Style

Areas  of  Basic  Rules  to  Be  Presented  

•  Citation •  Tables and Figures •  Headings

Page 6: How to Cite Sources APA Style

Periodicals

1.   Journal

2.   Magazine

3.   Newspaper

Citation  

Books 1.   Printed Book 2.   Edited Book 3.   Ebook 4.   Chapter in a Book

Page 7: How to Cite Sources APA Style

     

Periodicals  (I)  

•  Basic format

Journal  Article  

Author’s surname,

First (and middle) name initial.

(Year of publication).

Title of article.

Title of Journal,

Volume number

(Issue), Page(s).

Burik, S. (2009). Opening philosophy to the world: Derrida and education in philosophy. Educational Theory, 59(3), 297-312. Format tips: •  Times New Roman font •  Only journal title has the first letter of each word capitalized

Page 8: How to Cite Sources APA Style

     

Periodicals  (II)  

•  Journal article with digital object identifier (DOI): –  Same basic format –  DOI included after the page number

•  Journal article retrieved online: –  Home page URL included after the page number –  URL should be preceded by the phrase “Retrieved from http://” –  No retrieval date is needed

•  Journal article written by more than one author: –  Include surnames and initials for up to seven authors –  If there are eight or more authors, include the first six authors, then write three ellipses, and add the last

author

Journal  Article  

Page 9: How to Cite Sources APA Style

     

Periodicals  (III)  

•  Basic format

Magazine  Article  

Author’s surname,

First (and middle) name initial.

(Year, month of publication).

Title of article.

Title of Magazine,

Volume number

(Issue), Page(s).

Shanahan, T. (2013, November). You want me to read what?. Educational Leadership, 71(3), 10-15. Online magazine: Follow the basic format and add “Retrieved from http://….”

Page 10: How to Cite Sources APA Style

Periodicals  (IV)  

•  Basic format

Newspaper  Article  

Author’s surname,

First (and middle) name initial.

(Year, month and day of publication).

Title of article.

Title of Newspaper,

Page(s). Preceded by “p.” or pp.”

Applebaum, B. (2013, November 21 ). Fed looks for other way to aid economy. The New York Times, p. B1. •  If an article appears in on discontinuous pages, write all page numbers separated with a

comma •  Online newspaper: Follow the basic format and add “Retrieved from http://….”

Page 11: How to Cite Sources APA Style

     

Books  (I)  

•  Basic format

Printed  Book  

Author’s surname,

First (and middle) name initial.

(Year of publication).

Title of book.

City of publication,

State abbreviation or country (if relevant):

Publisher.

Sullo, B. (2007). Activating the desire to learn. Alexandria, VA: ASCD. Sommers, C. & Sommers, F. (2004). Vice & virtue in everyday life: Introductory readings in ethics. London, UK: Thomson.

Page 12: How to Cite Sources APA Style

     

Books  (II)  

•  Basic format

Edited  Book  

Noll, J.W. (Ed.). (2011). Taking sides: Clashing views on educational issues. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Editor’s surname,

First (and middle) name initial.

(Ed.). or (Eds.).

(Year of publication).

Title of book.

City of publication.

State abbreviation or country:

Publisher.

Page 13: How to Cite Sources APA Style

     

Books  (III)  

•  Basic format

Ebook  

Denscombe, M. (2010). The good research guide: For small social research projects. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.pa/books/about/The_Good_Research_Guide.html?id=I6rRC0oyotkC&redir_esc=y

Author’s surname,

First (and middle) name initial.

(Year of publication).

Title of book. Retrieved from ….

Page 14: How to Cite Sources APA Style

     

Books  (IV)  

•  Ebook that is only in digital format: –  Write “(n.d.)” instead of year of publication

•  Ebook with digital object identifier (DOI): –  Include DOI at the end of the reference

•  Ebook with a specific kind of edition: –  Include the type and version of ebook before the retrieval information. For example, “[ Kindle Fire version]”

Ebook  

Page 15: How to Cite Sources APA Style

     

Books  (V)  

•  Basic format

Chapter  in  a  book  

Wittrock, M. (1998). Cognition and subject matter learning. In N.M. Lambert & B.L. McCombs (Eds.). How students learn: Reforming schools through learner-centered education (pp. 143-151). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Author’s surname,

First (and middle) name initial.

(Year of publication).

Title of chapter.

In Initial(s). Surname of editor(s)

(Ed.). or (Eds.).

Title of book (no period)

(pp. x – xx).

City, State abbreviation:

Publisher.

Page 16: How to Cite Sources APA Style

In-­‐text  Citation  

•  Hart (2005) pointed out “In order to review a research literature you must be able to understand the design issues, methodological traditions and the specifics of research itself” (p.44)

•  Hart (2005) pointed out three conditions to review a research literature.

•  Understanding of design issues, methodological traditions and the specifics of research are essential to develop a literature review (Hart, 2005).

Different  Ways  of  Doing  It  

Page 17: How to Cite Sources APA Style

Tables  and  Figures  

•  Tables and figures are used to (a) help readers understand the discussion and (b) display results.

•  Limit their content to the essential information. Do not overuse them. •  They should be identified using the following format: chapter number. table/figure

number. For example, table 4.1 (it means the table is the first of chapter 4). However, your university may have different rules.

•  Refer to them using their identification number rather than expressions like “the table

above” or “the figure on page 75”.

Page 18: How to Cite Sources APA Style

Example  of  table    

Page 19: How to Cite Sources APA Style

Example  of  Ligure  

Page 20: How to Cite Sources APA Style

Headings  

APA style suggests five levels of headings (APA, 2010, p.62):

Level   Format  1   Centered,  Boldface,  Uppercase  and  Lowercase  Heading  

Instruments  to  Gather  Data  

2   Flush  LeA,  Boldface,  Uppercase  and  Lowercase  Heading  Surveys  

3   Indented,  boldface,  lowercase  paragraph  heading  ending  with  a  period.  Paragraph  begins  in  line  with  the  heading.                  Reading  comprehension  test.  Reading  comprehension  scores  were  gathered….  

4   Indented,  boldface,  italicized,  lowercase  paragraph  heading  ending  with  a  period.                Form  A  of  the  reading  comprehension  test.  

5   Indented,  italicized,  lowercase  paragraph  ending  with  a  period.              Items  included  in  the  form  A  of  the  reading  comprehension  test.  

Page 21: How to Cite Sources APA Style

Rules  to  Remember      

•  Author’s first name should be given only with initials.

•  Titles of books and journals are italicized in the reference list, not titles of articles or chapters.

•  Only journal titles have the first letter of each word capitalized.

•  Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon.

•  State abbreviations should be after the city of publication and followed by a colon.

•  Use Times New Roman or Courier New 12 point fonts.

•  When quoting the exact words of an author (direct quotation) that are 40 words or more, write

them in a block without quotation marks. If the quotation is shorter than 40 words, use quotation

marks. In both cases, write the page number between parentheses at the end of the quotation.

Page 22: How to Cite Sources APA Style

Now  You  Know  APA  Basic  Rules  for:    

Any Question?

1.  Citing: 1.  Journal articles 2.  Magazine articles 3.  Newspaper articles 4.  Printed books 5.  Edited books 6.  Ebooks 7.  Chapter in a book

2.  Using tables and figures 3.  Using headings 4.  Some rules to remember

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