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How can Aquaculture Contribute to Healthy Diets of the Poor?
Shakuntala Haraksingh ThilstedSenior Nutrition ScientistWorldFish
Overview
Healthy diets
•High dietary diversity: Large variety of foods and food groups
•High nutritional quality: vitamins, minerals, essential fats
•Safe: no contaminants
•Emphasis on the first 1,000 days of life (pregnant and lactating woman and child up to second birthday)
Based on the above characteristics:
•Considerations and recommendations for the aquaculture sector
Healthy Diet: Korea
Food Balance Wheels
Healthy Diet: Mediterranean
Healthy Diet: Trinidad and Tobago
Healthy Diet: Denmark
Underlying Characteristics of a Healthy Diet – especially for the poor
Includes foods which are:
•Locally produced
•Culturally acceptable - taste, texture, colour, flavour
•Affordable
•High nutritional quality
•Safe
•Year-round access
Minimum Dietary Diversity Indicator for Women
Global recommendations based on food groups:
Usual diets should contain ≥ 6 of 10 food groups; ≥ 15 g/d of each food groupCriterion used: probability of meeting recommended micronutrient intakes
Minimum Dietary Requirement for Children
Global recommendations based on food groups:Children 6-23 months of age should consume ≥ 4 or more of 7 food groups: •Grains, roots & tubers•Legumes & nuts•Dairy products•Flesh foods•Eggs•Vitamin A-rich fruit and vegetables•Other fruit and vegetables•Criterion used: probability of meeting recommended micronutrient intakes•No recommendation for serving size
Fish and Other Aquatic Animals: Rich in Several Essential Micronutrients
• Vitamin A (animal-source foods have the only preformed source, retinol; fish also has vitamin A2 - dehydroretinol)
• Vitamin B12 (animal-source foods are the only dietary source)
• Riboflavin• Vitamin D (animal-source foods are the only
dietary source)• Vitamin E• Available iron (animal-source foods are the
only dietary source of haem iron)• Available zinc, calcium, phosphorus
Iron
% contribution to daily RNI
Common aquaculture species
Small indigenous fish species
Contribution of selected fish species to iron, zinc and calcium recommended intakes (RNIs) for pregnant and lactating women (PLWs) and infants
Contribution of selected fish species to iron, zinc and calcium recommended intakes (RNIs) for pregnant and lactating women (PLWs) and infants
Zinc
Small indigenous fish species
Common aquaculture species
% contribution to daily RNI
Contribution of selected fish species to iron, zinc and calcium recommended intakes (RNIs) for pregnant and lactating women (PLWs) and infants
Calcium
% contribution to daily RNI
Common aquaculture species
Small indigenous fish species
Contribution of selected fish species to vitamin B 12 recommended intake (RNI) for pregnant and lactating women (PLW) and infants
Small indigenous fish species
Common aquaculture species
% contribution to daily RNI
Contribution to daily DHA (essential fatty acid (docosahexaenoic acid) requirement from a standard serve of fish for pregnant and lactating women (PLW) and infants
Why does diversity of species matter for a healthy diet?
Greater number of fish species, OAAs and algae:
•Varied preparation forms for different combinations of dishes, meals and snacks for different occasions
•Meets the preferences of more people
•Increases frequency and quantity of consumption
•Increases season of consumption
•Increases the possibility of covering multiple nutrient needs
Why does size of species matter for a healthy diet?
What does small size mean for the poor?
•Available in local markets
•Affordable: Small quantities can be bought
Can buy at a low cost
•Can be cooked in a mixed dish and therefore easy to share among all household members
Aquaculture for Healthy Diets of the Poor - Considerations
Diversity of species •Other aquatic animals•Aquatic plants - algae
Diversity of size
Selection of species•Fast-and essential fats
Genetic selection and modification•growing•Can breed, ensuring a stable supply and “year-round” access•High nutrient density - micronutrients
Feeding and Management in Aquaculture to Improve Nutritional Quality
Use and timing of different feeds to increase nutrient content
•Plant-based, e.g. algae
•Insects
•Fish-based
Essential fats
Minerals, e.g. selenium
Vitamins
Why Fish-based Products for the 1,000 Days?
Address:
•High nutrient density
•Ease of preparation
•Ready to use
•Easy storage
Result in:
•Growth and development
of the foetus and infant
•Brain development and cognition
•School and work performance
Development of Fish-based Products for 1,000 Days
Complementary food Fish powder Fish chutney
Not just Large-Scale Aquaculture and Monoculture
Small-scale Food systems approach
Beyond Production and Productivity in Aquaculture – Towards a Healthy Diet for the Poor
• Minimising waste and loss reduce non-edible parts (perhaps the most micronutrient-rich)
• Preservation for stable access• Processing - to develop desirable, affordable, micronutrient-rich
fish-based products
Beyond Production and Productivity in Aquaculture – Towards a Healthy Diet for the Poor
Innovative Partnerships
•Analysis of nutrient composition - just not protein
•Analysis of food safety
•Engaging with other sectors: e.g. Nutrition and Health
•Awareness raising, education and behaviour change: schools, youths
•Engaging in developing and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Engaging Women in Aquaculture and Beyond
Thank You