-Topic-

Housing, Social and Community Planning

By :

Desy Rosnita SariP28017016

NCKUUrban Planning Department

3rd PresentationSeminar 4th course

June 13th 2014

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The Ghetto as a Resource for Black America

William W. Goldsmith

Published in : Journal of the American Institute of Planners 40 (1 January 1979)– Classic Reading In Urban Planning 1995. p; 375

Keywords : Ghetto, Black American (Africa-america), American black ghetto, Black Development.

ARTICLES :

A Ladder of Citizen Participation Sherry R Arnstein

Published in : Journal of the American Institute of Planners 8 (3 July 1969)– Classic Reading In Urban Planning 1995. p; 388

Keywords : Citizen participation, citizen power, Community

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?

1. Classic readings in urban planning

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2. Chapter 8th

Planning profession (working with community, and for community)

Self-development

How to work with community in planning

How to understand the changing needs of neighborhood residents (different

planning policy, programs, and activity) that all have contribution to the

resident well-being, especially in the issue of settlement/housing

REASONS :

Sherry R Arnsteindied in 1997A Ladder of Citizen Participation

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Published in : Journal of the American Institute of Planners 8 (3 July 1969)– Classic Reading In Urban Planning 1995. p; 388

Keywords : Citizen participation, citizen power, Community

• Originally studied physical education

• AACOM Executive Director (The American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic

Medicine)

• Worked for the US department of health, education and welfare in the 1960s

• Director of Community Development Studies for “The Commons” (a non-profit

research Institute) in the Washington D.C and Chicago

• Former chief advisor on citizen participation in HUD’s Model city administration

• Staff consultant to the president's committee on Juvenile Delinquency

• Special assistant secretary of HEW

• Washington editor to the “Current Magazine”

1st ARTICLES :

?

Contents of the 1st article

1. Citizen participation is citizen power2. Type of participation and non-participation3. Characteristics and illustrations

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“A Ladder of Citizen Participation”

Sherry R Arnstein

1. Citizen participation is citizen power6/16

What is citizen participation?

What is its relationship to the social imperative of our time?

**The retribution of power that enable thehave-not citizens who is presently excludedfrom political and economic processes tobe deliberately included in the future**

“Citizen Power”

2. Type of participation and non-participation7/16

Sherry R Arnstein (1969)

Typology of eight level of citizen participation which contains rungs of “power”

1. Racism2. Paternalism

3. resistance to power retribution from power-holder’s side

4. inadequacies of the have-not community political socioeconomic infrastructure and

knowledge-based5. difficulty of organizing a representative

and accountable people’s group in the face of futility

6. Alienation

7. distrust.

Rungs limitation :

Sherry R Arnstein (1969)

Places people on advisory boards to rubberstamp; to educate them to the agency

perspective, distorting the participation into public relation joy

Engages citizen in numerous activities, under the guise of citizen involvement in

planning and decision making, but where experts subject the citizens to “clinical group

therapy” to cure them, rather that to fix the original problem

To provide information that is one way to the citizens, or to late to relay effect decisions

and fail to achieve real input; new media, pamphlets response to inquiries, and information

giving (not exchange) meeting are frequent form of one-way communication

Involves citizens in a significant manner, but is sham if there are no assurances that their

input will be fully incorporated in the decisions, or the full range of options and considered;

frequent forms of attitude surveys, neighborhood meetings, and public hearings

Represents tokenism if those previously excluded from power remain a numerical minority

on the board and/or are not accountable to any constituency in the community; another form

is giving only power of advice or planning, but not to turn them into actual decisions

Represents real citizen participation when citizens and governments agree to share

planning and decision-making responsibilities through joint structures, and neither

partner can unilaterally change the agreement. Implicitly stated that citizen have access

to resources comparable to the government partner

Occurs when through negotiations between government and

citizens, citizens gain the dominant decision making position on

programs affecting them to insure accountability to the client’s need

Falls short of the rhetoric of Absolut control, but the intent is that

citizens actually have managerial and policy control and can set the

condition under which government can alter the institution or program

3. Characteristics and illustrations8/16

QU0TATION 9/16

“Participation without redistribution of power is an empty and frustrating process for the powerless”

Sherry R Arnstein. 1969

The Ghetto as a Resource for Black America

10/16 2nd ARTICLES :

William W. Goldsmith

BOOKs • Separate Societies: Poverty and Inequality in US Cities, 2nd edition (2010), • What's Under the Bed? City, Pasta, or Commie: Reflections on a Semester Teaching American

Students in Italy. (Journal of Planning Education and Research (1999))• Operation Bootstrap, Industrial Autonomy, and a Parallel Economy for Puerto Rico. (International

Regional Science Review (1979))

• Professor Emeritus in Department of City & Regional Planning at Cornell

University College of Architecture, Art, and Planning

• Served many years for US Environmental Protection Agency on the Clean Air

Act Advisory Committee.

Focus : Development and structure of cities, problems of neighborhoods, suburbs, and peripheries, racial segregation, inequality, and low-density sprawl in US cities and poverty, environmental degradation, regional development, and urbanization in Latin America.

B.S.C.E. University of California-Berkeley in 1963 Ph.D. from Cornell in 1968

Published in : Journal of the American Institute of Planners 40 (1 January 1979)

– Classic Reading In Urban Planning 1995. p; 375

Keywords : Ghetto, Black American (Africa-america), American black ghetto,

Black Development.

Contents of the 2nd article

1. Suburbanization and employment2. Ghetto capitalism 3. Internal colonialism 4. The ghetto as resource5. What are the chances?

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“The Ghetto as a Resource for Black America

”William W. Goldsmith

Harlem’s Density

15 million African American jammed in the biggest cities(Hunters point, Watts, Fillmore, Hough, Bedford-Stuyvesant, Roxbury……..etc)

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1. Suburbanization and employment13/16

John Kain (1969)

The only efficient and satisfactory long run solution to ghetto problems is suburbanization

of the African American population

Stephen Rattien (1970)

4 steps :1. Provides low paying jobs in few industries2. High migration to cities increase ethnic community

solidarity and broader distribution of employment3. Migration to cities diminish, group solidarity emerge,

dominant to group employment4. Transfer take place from high occupational categories

to other industry sector

2. Ghetto capitalism 14/16

Separate development but parallel to capital organization in the ghetto

More involvement White business with Ghetto entrepreneur and enterprise in general

1. Banking industry have to move toward positively to help to build the city

2. Government subsidy

1. Direct investors from corporations …….. Including transfer control into African American control (control over capital), investment expansion, skill training, and job placement…etc

A

B

3. Internal colonialism

The creation of new colonies or neocolonial in order to share a welfare surplus from the mother land/city**rejected by Martin rein : relate to Social peace between

lower class, powerful, and conservative

4. The ghetto as resource15/16

5. What are the chances?

individual economic improvement / capitalist and

worker

Communityintegration

community organization

political power of ghetto

ghetto capitalism

1. Without development, poor African American ghetto can be written off…just like Indians apparently are

2. Without leadership and political power, ghetto will turn into neocolonial3. Ghetto community development with African American and white could allies

to mobilized economic, social, n political power

Xie Xie NiThank You

Terima Kasih