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Land Bridge
The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Asia as long ago as
22,000 years by crossing a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska that was
exposed during the earth's last Ice Age. For many thousands of years, these
groups spread throughout the continents of North America and South
America.
The Vikings
The Vikings were superb seafarers who raided and traded from their
Scandinavian homelands (Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark) across wide
areas of northern and central Europe, as well as European Russia, during the
late 8th to late 11th centuries. Records indicate that the Vikings established
communities on North Atlantic islands and as far as the northeastern coast of
North America 500 years before Columbus.
The tale of Vikings
having horns on
their helmets is
just a myth.
The Vikings Viking Fun Fact
Like the rest of the world at the time, the Vikings were very cruel. One of the ways they liked to
kill their enemies was by a hideous method called “the blood eagle.” The victim’s back was split
open and his blood-covered lungs were lifted out so that they flapped around like a pair of wings
as he struggled to take his last breaths.
Hoorah!!! What a
glorious death…
truly one worthy for
Valhalla.
Leif Erikson Settles in North America
According to historians, Leif Erikson’s successful expedition and establishment of a Norse
settlement at Vinland encouraged other Norsemen to also make the journey.
Unfortunately, the contact between the Vikings and the indigenous people resulted in hostilities
and killing. In the end, the Vikings returned home abandoning their settlements in Vinland.
Leif Erikson and a handful of Vikings are regarded as the first Europeans to
explore the North American continent on the northern tip of Newfoundland
in modern-day Canada around A.D. 1000, nearly 500 years before
Christopher Columbus.
The Crusades (A.D. 1095 to A.D. 1291.)
Council of Clermont
Wars fought to retake the Holy lands (Palestine or the birth place of Christ.)
Muslim Turks threatened the Byzantine Empire (Christians) and the
Byzantine emperor appealed to Pope Urban II for help.
At the Council of Clermont in 1095 Pope Urban II summoned western
Christians to go to the Byzantine Empire's aid.
Pope Urban II believed that
a fight against a common
enemy would to reunite a
divided Christian Europe.
The Crusades Failed But...
The Crusades failed but... Introduced a new way of life to Europeans.
•Discovery of new spices.
•Fine jewelry.
•Silk (material used for clothing.)
•New medicines found.
•Perfume (rich people loved it.)
Fine jewelry New spices
New medicines
Silk
Perfume
Myths on the High Seas
Explorers and their crews were terrified by the
idea that the oceans were full of sea monsters
Early explorers were fearful of voyaging too far from the coastline from fear of disappearing off
the face of the earth.
Portugal Begins the Race for Exploration
Portugal sought a route around the African continent in an attempt to
outflank the Muslim states of North Africa which controlled and barred or
charged heavy fees to cross over their lands.
Prince Henry the Navigator rarely
participated in explorations, but he sent
many expeditions from Portugal to the west
coast of Africa, and was responsible for
Portugal’s influence in the Great Age of
Exploration.
Bartholomeu Dias discovery in 1488 of the
Cape of Good Hope showed Europeans
there was a possible route to India around
the southern tip of Africa.
Vasco da Gama led the first expedition
that traveled from Europe to India by
sailing around Africa.
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus was an expert navigator from Italy who had a radical
idea to sail west to search for a western route to the Orient instead of around
Africa, but Columbus had no money and sought help from other countries.
Columbus’ Vision for Sailing West to the Orient.
Did You Know? The thriving citrus industry in Florida can thank
Columbus for its beginnings. On his second voyage to the Americas in
1493, Columbus brought citrus seeds to the West Indies. The citrus seeds
eventually made their way to Florida.
Columbus Rejected by Portugal
In 1485, Columbus presented his plans to John II, King of Portugal and
proposed that the king equip three sturdy ships and grant Columbus one
year's time to sail out into the Atlantic Ocean prove his theory. Unfortunately,
King John II of Portugal rejected Columbus’ request.
Da World.. Itsa not a
flat… but a rounda… like
mya head!!!
This guy is not
playing with a
full deck.
What part of NO! Don’t
you understand?
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
of Spain
Spain Financially Backs Columbus
Finally in 1489, Columbus was granted an audience by the Spanish crown.
The voyage was approved by Queen Isabella of Spain, but had to wait until
Spain’s war with the Moors was over.
Interesting Okay…
but what’s
in it for us?
The Deal:
Columbus was granted three ships for the voyage by
Queen Isabella, the Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria
as well as a crew obtained from Spanish prisons.
The world was bigger than he
thought!! About 6,000 miles more.
With the backing of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella I, Columbus
discovered the North American continent on October 12, 1492 claiming it for
Spain.
Columbus' First Voyage to the New World
The indigenous people he encountered, the Taíno, or
Arawak, were peaceful and friendly. Noting their gold ear
ornaments, Columbus took some of the Arawaks prisoner
and insisted that they guide him to the source of the gold.
Columbus thought
he had landed in
the East Indies he
had set out for and
called the
inhabitants of the
lands he visited
indios (Spanish for
"Indians.)
Returned to Spain a Hero
Returned to Spain a hero and his success triggered a great rivalry between
Spain and Portugal. Columbus returned to America with three more
voyages, but never found the same success as his first voyage.
•Columbus was also made
"Great Admiral of the Ocean."
•Appointed governor of any
and all lands he discovered.
•And given one-tenth of all gold,
jewels, and spices from those
lands.
When Columbus died in
A.D. 1506 he still
refused to admit that he
had reached a continent
previously unknown to
Europeans rather than
admit he was wrong
about reaching the East
Indies.
From the monarchs' investment of
$6,000 in Columbus's first voyage,
Spain had a return of $1,750,000 in
gold after only one century.
The New World Gets a Name
Amerigo Vespucci was another Italian explorer and even sailed on one
of Columbus’ voyages to the New World. Unlike Columbus, Amerigo
Vespucci realized that the area in which Columbus had landed was in
fact a “New World,” and not the Orient.
Mapmakers began to label these new lands on maps “America” in
Vespucci's honor.
The Spanish Arrived
The Spanish were the first to arrive and built a vast empire in the Americas.
The Spanish conquered Native American civilizations and robbed them of
large amounts of gold and silver. They dominated much of South America,
modern-day Mexico, and what eventually became Florida, New Mexico,
Arizona, and Texas.
Spain grew rich from New
World gold by robbing and
enslaving the Native populations
in the Americas.
Vasco Núñez de Balboa
Balboa claimed possession
of the Pacific Ocean for
Spain in 1513. The new governor of Darién
became jealous of Balboa because
of his fame and had him
beheaded for treason in 1519.
Vasco Núñez de Balboa was a Spanish explorer and
conquistador who led the first European expedition to the
Pacific Ocean and discovered the "Narrow place,” the Isthmus
of Panama in 1513.
Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese explorer who was the first person to sail across the Pacific Ocean
and to circumnavigate the globe. Sailing under a Spanish commission, he
attempted to reach the Spice Islands. After crossing the Pacific, Magellan was
killed battling natives in the Philippines but two of his ships returned to Spain.
When Magellan reached what is now the Philippine Islands his Spanish
crew abandoned Magellan on shore as islanders approached and killed him.
Without a leader the crew set out to return
to Spain, but only one ship, the Victoria,
returned to Spain with only eighteen
survivors. The remainder of the crew died of
starvation and was eaten by the survivors.
The Aztec Empire
A sacrificial knife
The Aztec Empire was a very war-like society and fought wars to capture
prisoners who would later be sacrificed to their gods. The Aztecs always
believed the end of the world was near. That's why they scarified so many
people. They were trying to keep their gods happy so the god would postpone
the end of the world.
The Aztec Empire
Aztec Calendar Stone
Did You Know? The Aztec started Tenochtitlan on an
island in what was then Lake Texcoco. The site of
Tenochtitlan was a marshy, snake-infested land. However,
the Aztec were able to make the land flourish. They used
irrigation to grow crops. The also grew crops on “floating
gardens,” which they made by filling shallow areas of the
lake and securing the soil with trees. Tenochtitlan included
palaces, plazas, and pyramids. It also included ball courts
and a zoo. By 1520 the city was one of the largest cities in
the world in population.
Hernán Cortés
Spanish conquistador who is best known for the destruction of the Aztec
Empire in present day Mexico. On February 19,1519 Cortez left Cuba with a
force of 600 men. Upon landing, Cortez was greeted by the Aztecs who he
began to subjugate. He destroyed all resistance and destroyed the Aztec
capital in present day Mexico City.
.
The Spanish brought dogs and horses and weapons and many fighting men. They also had the help
of other tribes in the area, which had no idea how cruel Spanish rule would become. The other
tribes just wanted to get rid of the awful Aztecs.
Hernán Cortes
Hernan Cortes Mets Montezuma
When the Spanish arrived, normally they would have been captured and sacrificed immediately.
That's how the Aztecs did things. But, in the 1500s, when the Spanish conquistador, Hernan
Cortes, entered Aztec territory with a small band of his men, the Aztec misunderstood why they
were there. The Aztecs thought the Spaniards were sent by their god, Quetzalcoatl and stayed for
quite a while as guests of their emperor, Montezuma.
The Spanish did not act like gods. The longer the Spanish stayed in the capital city, the more
suspicious the Aztec leaders became of them. The Aztecs decided it was time for the Spanish to
leave. They did not want to kill them because they might be gods after all, but the Aztecs wanted
them to move along.
The Spanish had no
idea at first how lucky
they were to be alive
after they entered the
capital city. It was
because the Aztecs
believed they were
gods that they were
unharmed.
Hernan Cortes Seizes Tenochtitlan
Montezuma orders his followers to return to their
homes and lay down their arms. But, it was too late
the angry Aztecs blamed Montezuma for allowing
the Spaniards into their city stoned him to death.
The Aztecs fought back tenaciously, but it
was disease that actually defeated the
Aztecs. They had no protection against
simple childhood diseases like measles
that the Spanish brought with them.
Incan Empire of Peru
Machu Picchu
Incan brain surgery was primitive, but set
the way for modern brain surgery. Incans
believed migraine headaches were caused
by evil spirits and drilled holes in peoples
heads so the evil spirits could get out. What
they didn’t realize was that the holes
relieved the pressure from brain swelling.
Incan Empire Map
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa, the Incan Leader
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish explorer and military leader who conquered Peru. Pizarro was part of
many early explorations of the New World and was involved in the
colonization of Panama. When he found the Inca Empire in Peru he organized
a expedition of 180 men and destroyed the empire in 1531.
Atahualpa Kidnapped and Murdered by Pizarro
Instead of having to fight their way up the mountains Pizarro and his men were invited in the heart if
Inca territory. Not expecting any treachery, Atahualpa arrived with his council and was
immediately seized by Pizarro’s soldiers and kidnapped before the peace conference could even
begin. Atahualpa watched helplessly as his bodyguards were slaughtered in front of him.
Pizarro held him in captivity for over a year, and by doing gained control over much of the
empire. Eventually the Inca was considered too dangerous to leave alive so he was executed
on the trumped up charge.
Atahualpa was originally going
to be burned alive at the stake,
but after he converted to
Christianity, he was strangled
before the flames could get to
him.
Atahualpa arrived with his
council and was immediately
seized by Pizarro’s soldiers “If you will let me go,
Pizarro, I will fill up
this room with gold.”
After the ransom was
paid by the Incans,
Atahualpa was
murdered. Atahualpa arriving to the peace conference .
Encomienda System
The encomienda system was used by the Spanish crown during the Spanish
colonization of the Americas to regulate Native Americans and to reward
individual Spaniards for services to the crown.
The Spaniards would extract tribute from the natives in the form of labor, gold, or other products.
Many natives were forced to do hard labor and subjected to extreme punishment and/or death if
they resisted. In the end it was nothing short of slavery. When the native population began
to die from diseases, overwork, or ran away the Spaniards began to import African slaves.
Spanish Take their Stolen Gold Sent Back to Spain
Spanish Gold: It’s hard to imagine the amount of gold that Spain took out of
Mexico and Peru. One report gives us some idea. On September 13, 1583, the
Spanish fleet arrived from “Spanish India” (Latin America). The boats carried
gold worth about $15 million in Spanish money. They left another million in
Havana because the load was too heavy for the ships. Imagine so much gold it
threatened to sink the ships.
Treaty of Tordesillas Neighboring Spain and Portugal became rivals over territories in the Americas
and threatened to go to war with each other to resolve the dispute.
The pope of the Roman Catholic Church intervened because he didn’t want
two Catholic countries going to war.
The pope took out a map and drew a line down through the Americas which
directed what parts of America went to either country.
Portugal received title to eastern South America (Brazil) and Africa.
Spain was given free rights to rest of the "New World."
The Roman Catholic Church
hoped to settle problem, but
England and France demanded
rights to the "New World."
*Reason why Spanish is the
dominate language in
Central and South America
while Portuguese is spoken
in Brazil.
Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange was the widespread exchange of animals, plants,
culture, technology, and communicable diseases between the Americas and
Europe following the voyage to the Americas by Christopher Columbus in
1492.
Affects of European Diseases
Another area of a major European impact on the Native Americans was the introduction of diseases such as
smallpox and cholera. The Natives' immune system was not prepared to fight those new diseases. The
traditional Native medicines did not work well against those diseases and some tribes were totally wiped out
by the sicknesses.
Many Native Americans succumbed to smallpox, whooping cough, and
measles. It has been estimated that diseases wiped out 75% of the Native
American population within 100 years after the first contact with Europeans.
French Colonization of the Americas
The New World intrigued French rulers and their efforts in the New
World differed sharply from those of the Spanish or English. Unlike the
Spanish or English, the French were friendly toward the Indians.
Reasons why France explored North America:
•To find a waterway through North America.
•To deal in furs, not gold
•To Christianize Native Americans.
The France established trading posts near rivers to
support fur trade.
Famous French Explorers #1
Cartier (1534) Explored southeastern part of Canada and
found the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Champlain (1608) founded
Quebec.
Quebec
France's first successful colony in North America which rested along the shores
of the St. Lawrence River. Established in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain.
Famous French Explorers #2
LaSalle (1682) sailed down the
Mississippi River to the Gulf of
Mexico. Sought to prevent Spanish
expansion into Gulf of Mexico
region by establishing posts in the
Mississippi region (New Orleans
most important). Louisiana was
named in honor of Louis XIV.
Marquette and Joliet
(1673) Discovered the
Mississippi River and
claimed it for France.
French and the Fur trade
They were content with developing thriving commercial interests, especially
fur trading and fishing, rather than planting large permanent settlements.
French trappers shipped so
many pelts back to France
that they nearly extinguished
the beaver population in
North America.
The French took advantage of rivers and inland waterways to
control parts of the interior. France made great amounts of
money from the fur trade.
Jesuits
French missionaries, known as Jesuits played a key role in the New World
exploration. These Catholic missionaries ventured through remote areas of
America to convert Indians to Christianity.
Many tribes were wary of the Europeans and reluctantly allowed the
missionaries, whom they called the “black robes,” into their villages.
Some were brutally killed by Indians (although in the eyes of Indians,
Jesuits held up best to torture and were thus more respected)
England and Spain Clash
English pirates "Sea Dogs” led by Sir Francis Drake," attacked Spanish gold
conveys crossing the Atlantic Ocean from the Americas with stolen Indian
gold.
Sir Francis Drake
Spain Attempts to Invade England
King Phillip II of [Spain] notified Queen Elizabeth I [England] to halt this
unwarranted and treacherous piracy on the high seas. King Phillip II [Spain]
pledged war if Queen Elizabeth [England] didn't order a stop to the attacks
on Spanish ships.
Queen Elizabeth I doesn't punish Sir Francis Drake, but instead encouraged
him to continue with her blessing for a share of the loot.
Spanish gold continued to flow to England.
Elizabeth I of England, the daughter of Henry VIII set out to gain riches
for England. She was jealous of Spain's new found wealth.
King Phillip II of Spain was
devoted to extending Spanish
power and the Catholic religion.
Huhhh?
I don’t know
what you’re
talkin’ about.
The Spanish Armada
Naval force launched by Phillip II of Spain to fight England. The Fleet was
the largest of its time in the 16th century. The Armada was severely
damaged when it was attacked off the coast of England on August 7, 1588
and cut nearly in half by storms upon return to Spain, making Britain the
dominant sea power.
Concepts to Know:
What were the results of the Crusades?
What were the countries involved in early explorations?
What were the scientific progresses that encouraged world explorations?
What were the reasons for European exploration (3 G's)?
Why did the Spanish Conquer the Aztecs and Incas so easily?
What reasons did the French explore the New World?
What were the affects of European diseases on Native Americans?