HISTORY/BACKGROUND 9/11 Attacks:

The September 11 terrorist attacks on New York City are known as 9/11 attacks.

Al-Qaeda a terrorist group was found guilty.

Approximately 3,000 civilians lost their lives.

AFTER-SHOCKS

Dire concerns arose in public regarding homeland security and emergency management.

Economic shocks along with security and safety shocks followed right after the 9/11.

Strict security measures were taken after the attacks.

Emergency Management

What is emergency Management?

Emergency management or preparedness is basically a preventive and pre-emptive measure taken to avoid natural and man made disasters such as 9/11.

The political and administrative governments are evaluated and analyzed on the basis of their performance in routine tasks along with emergency cases.

Emergency Management Purpose: To enhance the ability and capacity of a country or an

organization with regards to un-welcomed natural or un-natural calamities.

The core duty of these departments is to enhance the capacity and capabilities of the country.

Successfully competing with the calamities or terrorist attacks that might be probably occur in future.

to Protect the lives and properties of the people, Alleviating of human suffering and hardship through proper planning and pre-emptive measures.

Emergency Management Pros: Fool Proof Security provision to the public.

Elimination of threats and possible terrorist attacks.

Cons Interference in public and private life.

Un-lawful scrutiny of individuals etc.

Emergency Management American Emergency Management:

Establishment of Department of Homeland Security.

Strengthening the federal and district law enforcement agencies

Heavy investment in the security and safety protection measures.

Ensuring maximum homeland security by strengthening and investing in the security agencies.

HOMELAND SECURITY

Introduction/Background The Homeland Security Department was established

after the September 11 attacks against the United States.

A coordinated national effort to prevent terrorist attacks against the United States.

The governor of Pennsylvania, Tom Ridge was assigned to be the Director of the Office of Homeland Security in the White House.

HOMELAND SECURITY

About the Agency:

The current structure of the DHS is to protect United States from internal and external threats.

The other departments within the structure of the DHS are responsible to work with health, safety, and immigration etc.

Agency comes up with strategies for emergency and hazardous threats against citizens.

Agency comprises of different characteristics for its promulgation of ideas.

HOMELAND SECURITY

Three Core Characteristics:

Centralization: The Constitution of the United States divides the powers between

the state and federal government along with local governments.

Complacency: Assuring national security is actually a competition between the

determined adversaries which are innovative and the American people as well.

Politics: Homeland Security is susceptible with the politics as other different

functions of the government.

HOMELAND SECURITY MISSION

Enhancing security and preventing terrorism.

Securing and Safeguarding cyberspace.

Disasters resilience.

Managing and Securing borders.

Administering and Enforcing US immigration laws.

HOMELAND SECURITY & EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

Emergency management is the core reason for the establishment of Department of Homeland Security.

For proactive measures aimed at intercepting terrorists before they execute their criminal acts.

This connection between emergency management and homeland security resulted in Homeland Security Act of 2002 and Patriotic Act of 2001 (Jory, 2006).

However, there has been a lot of criticism on the Acts passed for the Homeland Security purposes.

Development of New Protocols Roles and Responsibilities:

To create a well-oiled counterterrorism and intelligence initiative.

The inclusion of a federal agency-the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC).

The merging of counterterrorism and intelligence functions of two existing agencies-the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

The creation of an agency, which will coordinate the counterterrorism and intelligence functions with United States and globally sanctioned justice policies.

Development of New Protocols

NCTC

Operate as a link between agencies

Lead inter-agency meetings

Maintain a database of known terrorists

Development of New Protocols

GIIA

Analyze potential terrorist cases

Prevent terrorist acts

Respond to terrorist attacks

Development of New Protocols CJCA

Improve cooperation between justice departments

Stimulate and improve coordination between agencies

Provide expert justice advice

Development of New Protocols

Specific Functions

NCTC

Offer counterterrorism updates to other agencies

Issue alerts and warnings

Conduct meetings between the GIIA and CJCA

Development of New Protocols

GIIA

Collect intelligence

Share intelligence

Deploy intelligence to deter terrorism

Development of New Protocols CJCA

Transmit the related legal requirements

Analyze the NCTC and GIIA procedures from a legal perspective

Offer prosecution mechanisms

Development of New Protocols

Counterterrorism and Intelligence Policies:

A flexible legal framework

An effective prosecution framework

An effective resource allocation framework

President of the United States of America

The president of United States is requested to consider these recommendations.

This will enhance the security and safety of the country.

Public and Private Property and Lives will be more secure than before, if these recommendations are incorporated.

Department of Homeland Security will work more effectively in future.

References Best Jr, R. A. (2011). The National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC)—

Responsibilities and Potential Congressional Concerns. Washington DC: CRS Report for Congress.

Betts, R. K. (2013). Enemies of Intelligence: Knowledge and Power in American National Security. Columbia University Press.

Casale, D. (2008). EU Institutional and Legal Counter-terrorism. Defence Against Terrorism Review, 49-78.

Duyan, A. (2012). Analyzing Different Dimensions and New Threats in Defence Against Terrorism. IOS Press.

Victoria Police. (2013). Victoria Police Counter Terrorism Framework-Protecting Victoria from Terrorism-Everyone's Responsibility. Melbourne: Office of the Police Chief Commisioner.

References Bush, G. W. (2002). The Department of Homeland Security. Washington, DC:

U.S. Government Printing Office.

FBI. (2013). Major Terrorism Cases – Past and Present. Terrorism. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/terrorism/terrorism_cases

Jory, J. (2006). Anti-terrorism legislation: A constitutional problem. Brigham Young University Prelaw Review, 17, 35-43.

McNeill, J. B., & Carafano, J. J. (2009). Terrorist Watch: 23 Plots Foiled Since 9/11. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2009/07/terrorist-watch-23-plots-foiled-since-9-11

Rogers, S. (2013, April 17).Four decades of US terror attacks listed and detailed. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/17/four-decades-us-terror-attacks-listed-since-1970#data

References Secretary Napolitano Highlights DHS Progress in 2011.

www.dhs.gov/news/2011/12/22/secretary-napolitano-highlights-dhs-progress-2011

Homeland Security and Law Enforcement. www.drtomoconnor.com/3430/3430/ect02b.htm

Brief Documentary History of the Homeland Security Department 2001-2008. www.hsdl.org/?view&did=37027

Creation of the Homeland Security Department. www.dhs.gov/creation-department-homeland-security

www.fbi.gov/new/testimoy/intelligence-sharing-with-federal-state-and-local-law-enforcement-10-years-after-9-11

http://www.dhs.gov/ynews/releases/20111222-dhs-progress-2011.shtm