Celebrationist historians…see the brighter side of

historical events

Liberal historians…focus on conflict, stress,

inconsistencies

Revisionist historians…learn more by studying what

has been wrong than what has been right

Postmodernist historians…see history through the

unique lenses of social class, race, ethnicity,

gender, age

List important early educators in the world

Detail major educational accomplishments of the early Eastern societies

Analyze the life of the colonial school teacher

Articulate the roles government played in colonial America

Analyze how an understanding of early American history informs today’s teacher

Informal education…all peoples have cared for

their children and prepared them for life

Hindu and Hebrew education…how to live a good

life

Chinese education…Lao-tszu and Confucius

Egyptian education…education provided for

privileged males

Eastern civilizations developed education prior to

Western civilizations, for the most part

The Age of Pericles (455-431bce), city

states in Greece

Sparta, from 8 to 18, boys were wards of

the State…education to develop

courage, patriotism, obedience,

cunning, and physical strength (little

intellectual content)

Athens, heavily stressed intellectual and

aesthetic objectives

Socrates…the Socratic method: a way of

teaching that centers on the use of

questions by the teacher to lead

students to certain

conclusions…Socrates’ fundamental

principle, “Knowledge is virtue.”

Plato…Republic recommendations for

the ideal society…three classes of

people: artisans, soldiers, philosophers

Plato… “A good education is that which gives to the body and to the soul all the beauty and all the perfection of which they are capable.”

Aristotle…a person’s most important purpose in life is to serve and improve humankind…Aristotle was scientific, practical, and objective…had the greatest influence on thinking through the Middle Ages

Females and slaves did not possess the intelligence to be educated. (Plato and Aristotle)

All paid employment absorbs and degrades the mind. (Aristotle)

In 146 BCE the Romans conquered Greece, many of the advances of the Roman Empire inspired by the enslaved Greeks

Between 50 BCE and 200 CE, an entire system of schools developed

Quintilian (35-95 CE) described current practice and recommended the type of system needed in Rome…very humanistic

Roman Catholic Church the greatest power in government and education (by 476, the fall of the Roman Empire)

The Dark Ages…earthly life as nothing more than a way to a better life hereafter

Charlemagne (742-814) valued education, and found Alcuin (735-804) and focused on the seven liberal arts (trivium and quadrivium)

Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) “more than any other person helped to change the church’s views on learning”…rooted in the ideas of Aristotle, led to the medieval universities, formalized scholasticism (the logical and philosophical study of the beliefs of the church)

The East had no dark ages. Mohammed (569-632) led a group of Arabs from northern Africa into southern Spain…spread slowly throughout Europe, significant advances in science and mathematics

Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance represented the protest

against the dogmatic authority of the

church over social and intellectual

life…revival of classical learning called

humanism

Reformation represented a reaction

against corruption in the church which

kept most people in ignorance

Formal beginning in 1517…ninety-five theses of Martin Luther…his disagreements with the Church

The Church believed its duty was to pass on the correct interpretation of the Bible to the laity…Luther thought each should interpret for self, and thus individual education was important…to attain salvation

Luther’s coworker in education, Philipp Melanchthon, stressed universal elementary education…education should be provided for all regardless of class, compulsory for both sexes…state controlled and state supported

Ignatius Loyola(1491-1556), to combat the Reformation, began the Jesuits in 1540…established schools to further the goals of the Catholic Church, were involved with teacher training from early on

Comenius (1592-1670),wrote many texts, first to use illustrations, writings based on science

John Locke(1632-1704) tabula rasa

Descartes(1596-1650), laid the

foundations for the modern period and

rationalism

Reason is supreme, the laws of nature

are invariable, truth can be verified

empirically

Frederick the Great (1712-1786), leader

of Prussia, friend of Voltaire, interested in

better training for teachers

A period during which developed the idea that common people should receive at least a basic education as a means to a better life

Rousseau…most important educational work, Emile (1762) about the liberal education of youth…naturalism, education must be natural not artificial “…we ascribe too much importance to words. With our babbling education we make only babblers.” Children are born good but corrupted by society

Pestalozzi (1746-1827) Swiss educator who put Rousseau’s theories into practice… educators from all over the world came to view his schools…unlike most teachers of his time, he felt students should be treated with love and kindness

Herbart (1776-1841) studied under Pestalozzi, organized the educational psychology…preparation, presentation, association, generalization, application

Froebel (1782-1852), kindergarten, social development, cultivation of creativity, learning by doing…women best suited to teach young children

Southern Colonies…in 1619, twelve years

after the founding of Jamestown, slaves

brought to the South for cheap

labor…two distinct classes of people

emerged, a few wealthy land owners

and many poor workers, mostly

slaves…landowners hired tutors to teach

their children

Various national and religious

backgrounds, so they did not agree on a

common school system…each

established their own religious schools,

many received education through

apprenticeship

Settled mainly by the Puritans

People lived close to one another,

shipping ports established, industrial

economy developed

Old Deluder Satan Act(1647)…required

towns to provide for the education of

youth…the Massachusetts laws of 1642

and 1647 became the model for other

colonies

Dame schools, writing schools, charity schools

Colonial colleges: Harvard (1636), William and Mary (1693), Yale (1701), Princeton(1746), King’s College (1754), College of Philadelphia (1755), Brown (1764), Dartmouth (1769), Queens College (1770)…heavy emphasis on theology and the classics

Monitorial schools (1805), in New York City, economical way to teach the masses…one lead teacher with lots of helpers among the older and better students…closed by 1840 because seen as not worth the cost

Horace Mann (1796-1859), leading proponent of common elementary schools, the forefather of the contemporary public school

Massachusetts in 1852 passed compulsory attendance laws…by 1900, 32 other states did likewise

Latin Grammar Schools…strictly college

preparatory, must know Latin and Greek for

college admittance

American Academies… Benjamin Franklin in

Philadelphia among the first to prepare young men

for employment through practical studies…an also

enrolled women

High Schools…replaced the academies, were

financially more in the reach of the masses

Northwest Ordinance (1785 and 1787) …encouraged the establishment of schools, set aside the sixteenth section of each township to be used for educational purposes

Morrill Land Grant (1862)…to provide the vocational educated that was needed

Smith-Hughes Act (1917)…high school vocational education

Hornbook

New England Primer

Blue-Backed Speller

Slates

McGuffey’s Reader

Why is it important?

Because the application is your first chance to present your skills to the employer.

Read the entire application form before you start filling it out. Read the instructions carefully and follow them exactly.

Remember that employers often judge the appearance of an application as a clue to the quality of your work.

General Tips: Be honest in your answers.

Have all the information on hand that you might need to fill out an application,

such as a personal data sheet and resume… we’ll get to those

Fill out the form neatly and accurately.

Apply for a specific position, rather than entering "anything" or "open" for the

desired position.

Leave no blanks.

Write "Does Not Apply" (or "N/A" for Not Applicable) in the space if the question

does not apply to you.

Explain lengthy gaps in your work history, for example, "attending school."

Read and check the application for completeness before turning it in to the

employer.

Tips for applying in person: Greet the receptionist politely when requesting or submitting an

application. The receptionist's first impressions are often passed

along.

Use blue or black ink pens.

Bring your own pen (or complete app. ahead of time)

Print clearly and legibly.

Be sure to sign and date the application.

Mail or turn the application into the correct person or place.

However, today most companies are asking

applicants to apply online.

Tips for applying online:

Have your resume available in electronic form to

attach or paste into the appropriate fields.

Choose a time when you can complete the process

from beginning to end (can take up to one hour).

Be prepared for system crash- save answers as you go

ICE so you don’t have to start over.

Proofread- mistakes and typos are not any more

acceptable online than they are on paper.

(1) Personal Data Sheets:

PDS are useful tools that help you fill out an application. You do

NOT turn this in to the employer. Keep your fact sheet up to

date for future job searches. Items on PDS include:

Employment history including company names, addresses,

telephone numbers, and dates of employment

Volunteer work history with community organizations including

organization names, addresses, telephone numbers, and dates

of service

Personal references including names, addresses, and

telephone numbers

(2) Resumes….

What is a resume?A brief written account of background, work experience, and

professional qualifications (that use SPECIFIC examples). The

objective of your resume is to get you an interview, and the

interview will get you the job (hopefully)!

Sample Resume

Typically submitted to employer with the application.

Historically, resumes were printed professionally on nice stock

paper. However, today most employers are wanting

electronic versions (like Microsoft Word and PDF).

Dos and Don'ts

No errors! Use spell-check, proofread, AND have others look over it.

Use perfect punctuation, grammar, and spelling to demonstrate you are able to communicate effectively.

Be concise. Employers typically scan resumes quickly. Save the detail for your interview.

Items to include:

Contact information

Objective statement

Education

Work (or Professional) experience

Special skills

An important thing to remember when you

are first assembling your resume is to be

specific when it comes to your

experience and qualifications.

Examples:Food server (becomes)

Provided friendly and efficient customer service by accurately

taking food orders and delivering in timely manner.

Grant writer (becomes)

Procured over $22,000.00 in federal and state funds by writing 3

grants in a 15 month period.

In a sea of resumes, how do you make your stand out?

1) Tailor the resume to the position- You would be surprised how many people send out a “one size fits all” resume.

2) Make it you- ask yourself, “does this document convey what I want it to convey about me?”

3) Ask for constructive criticism- a fresh pair of eyes can do your resume a world of good

…which brings up our next point

Prepare and Practice

Prepare: your answers to typical interview

questions

Practice: saying your responses out loud.

Using a friend or family member can

help

Be on time (and by this, we mean 5-10 min. early)

Make eye contact

Firm hand shake

Stay calm

Speak audibly and clearly

Practice good posture and be conscious of your body language

Know and avoid your nervous habits (EX: Do you constantly pull at your neck collar? Do you say “like” or “umm” a lot?)

Follow Up

Always follow up with “thank you” note to show your continued interest in the position.

If you interviewed with more than one person, send note to each interviewer.

Interviewers tend to prefer old fashioned, hand written notes. So, no “thank you” emails!