Communication with computers

InternetInternetHistory of InternetHistory of Internet

TerminologiesTerminologiesAdvantages and Disadvantages

of Internet

Internet

A global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols.

Significant Events In The History of Internet

• 1962- J.C.R Lickliter conceives the idea of a “galactic network”.• 1969- ARPANET goes online, connecting four computers.• 1972- Ray Tomlinson invents e-mail.• 1983- Internet protocols begin.• 1989- The World Wide Web is developed.• 1994- The first graphical Web browser developed• 1995- Barriers to commercial activity are lifted.

Basic Terminologies• Host: A computer that is used to transfer data on the

Internet.• Web Hosting: To store and make web pages

available and ready for inquiries, or a computer that has a consistent connection to the Internet.

• DNS: DNS (Domain Name System) is a large database of domain names and their correspondent Internet (IP Addresses).

• IP address: An IP (Internet Protocol) address is an unique number used to identify a computer on the Internet.

• Home Page: Main or index page of a web site.• Port: Channel that a server software would listen to,

for any inquiries, there are certain standard default channels set for certain server software.

• Baud: It is the number of theme per second that a modem converts digital signals to analog sounds, to transfer information over an analog telephone line.

• BandwidthBandwidth - - The capacity of an electronic line, such The capacity of an electronic line, such as a communications network or computer channel, as a communications network or computer channel, to transmit bits per second (bps).to transmit bits per second (bps).

• Blog - A blog is information that is instantly published to a Web site. Blog scripting allows someone to automatically post information to a Web site.

• Bookmark - It is a way of storing your favorite sites on the Internet.

• CGI (Common Gateway Interface script) - a specification for transferring information between a Web server and a CGI program, designed to receive and return data.

• Listserv - An e-mail list of e-mail addresses of people with common interests. Software enables people who belong to a list to send messages to the group without typing a series of addresses into the message header.

• Shockwave - A three dimensional (3D) animation technology/format created by the Macromedia company. Shockwave can be used to create more sophisticated animations than the Macromedia Flash format.

• WORM - A destructive computer program that replicates itself throughout your computer's hard drive and memory. Worms use up the computers resources and pull the system down.

• AVI AVI - - (Audio Video Interleaved) A Microsoft Corporation (Audio Video Interleaved) A Microsoft Corporation multimedia video format. It uses waveform audio and digital multimedia video format. It uses waveform audio and digital video frames to compress animation.video frames to compress animation.

• Virus - a computer program usually hidden in an existing program. Once the existing program is executed, the virus program is activated and can attach itself to other programs or files.

• Web Bot - A term that applies to programs/applets (macros and intelligent agents) used on the Internet. Such bots perform a repetitive function, such as posting messages to multiple newsgroups or doing searches for information.

• eduedu - - Educational institutionsEducational institutions• comcom - Commercial businesses - Commercial businesses• govgov - U.S. government - U.S. government• milmil - The U.S. military - The U.S. military• orgorg - Other organizations - Other organizations• netnet - Network/Internet Service Providers - Network/Internet Service Providers• InternicInternic: : Internic is the agency that governs and maintains the Internic is the agency that governs and maintains the

name and host registration on the Internet.name and host registration on the Internet.• Antivirus ..etcAntivirus ..etc

Advantages and Disadvantages of Internet

1) E-mail2) Access Information3) Social connectivity4) Downloading Software: We can download innumerable,

games, music, videos, movies, and a host of other entertainment software from the Internet.

Disadvantages:1) Threat to our privacy2) Spamming: sending unsolicited e-mails in bulk, which serve

no purpose and unnecessarily clog up the entire system.3) Addiction: Social media, online games, and other time

consuming things is now became an addiction and is taking over on our youth.

TopicsService of InternetInternet Protocols

OSI MODEL

Services of Internet• E-mail• File Transfer Protocol• TelnetOther Services• Newsgroups• Chat services• Social networking• E-shoppingMoreover blogs and video conferencing.

Electronic MailE-mail is a rapid and productive

communication tool because:It is faster than paper mail.

Unlike telephone, the persons communicating to each other need

not to be available at the same time.Unlike Fax documents, Email documents can be stored in a

computer and be easily edited using computer programmes.

File Transfer Protocol(FTP)

FTP is the transfer of computer files from one host to another. It is client server architecture.Moving a file from a remote computer to ones own computer is known as downloading. Moving a file from ones own computer to a remote computer is known as uploading.Anonymous FTP site in the computer allows user to log in with the username of anonymous and password that is users email address.Anonymous FTP sites are called publically accessible sites because they can be accessed by any user on internet.

TelnetTelnet is an underlying tcp/IP protocol for accessing remote computers.Some common uses of Telnet services are:Using the computer power of the remote computer.Using a software on the remote computer.Logging into ones own computer from another computer.

Internet ProtocolsStandard methods of transmitting and processing various kinds of information are used over internet and these methods are called "protocols". Protocols are established by international agreement and ensure that computers everywhere can talk to one another.

Types of Internet ProtocolsTCP/IPTCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and IP (Internet Protocol) are two different procedures that are often linked together. TCP is the means for creating the packets, putting them back together in the correct order at the end, and checking to make sure that no packets got lost in transmission. If necessary, TCP will request that a packet be resent.Internet Protocol (IP) is the method used to route information to the proper address. Every computer on the Internet has to have its own unique address known as the IP address. Every packet sent will contain an IP address showing where it is supposed to go.

UDP AND ICMPUDPAnother protocol is User Datagram Protocol (UDP).This protocol is used together with IP when small amounts of information are involved. It is simpler than TCP and lacks the flow-control and error-recovery functions of TCP. Thus, it uses fewer system resources.ICMPA different type of protocol is Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) . It defines a small number of messages used for diagnostic and management purposes.

Mail Protocols POP3 and SMTPSMTPThe most common protocol for sending mail is Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). When configuring email clients, an Internet address for an SMTP server must be entered. POP3The most common protocol used by PCs for receiving mail is Post Office Protocol(POP).Email clients require an address for a POP3 server before they can read mail.

Hypertext TransferProtocol

HTTPWeb pages are constructed according to a standard method called Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). An HTML page is transmitted over the Web in a standard way and format known as Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). This protocol uses TCP/IP to manage the Web transmission.HTTPSA related protocol is "Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer" (HTTPS), first introduced by Netscape. It provides for the transmission in encrypted form to provide security for sensitive data.

OSI Layers

IntroductionInstead of serving as a model with agreed-upon protocols that would be used worldwide, the OSI model has become a teaching tool that shows how different tasks within a network should be handled in order to promote error-free data transmission.

These jobs are split into seven layers, each of which depends on the function’s “handed-off” from other layers

DEFINITION OF E-COMMERCE

E-Commerce or electronic commerece is a proccess of buying , selling, transferring

or exchanging products, services and information via electronic and computers.

TYPES OF E-COMMERECE

•Business to Business (B2B)•Business to consumer(B2C)•Consumer to business(C2B)•Consumer to consumer(C2C)

B2B•Its means buisness to buisness. It is the type of e-commerece in which buyer and seller, both are buisnesses.•In this one buisness is sells its products or services while other buisness buys these products or services.For example of B2B siteGlobal source .com

B2C•Its means buisness to consumers.• It is the type of e-commerece in which buisness sells its services or products to consumer , through internet or computer network.For Example icson.com

C2B• customers sells their

products or services to buisness.

• Its common example is the advertisment that people put on different sites.

• For example: priceline.com

C2Cone consumer sells its products to other consumer, through internet or computer network.For example OLX.com

ROLE OF E-COMMERECE

•E-Mail •Video conferencing•Electronic shopping(E shopping)•Electronic Banking/Online Banking• A service that allows an account holder to obtain account information and manage certain banking transactions through computer network is called electronic banking.

ADVANTAGES OF E-COMMERECE

•Faster buying\selling procedure, as well as easy to find products.•More reach to customers, there is no theoretical graphical limitations•Low operational costs and better quality of services.•No need of physical company set-ups.•Easy to start and manage a business.

Topics Mobile Communication

Functions of E-Commerce

By Maryum Masood

Mobile CommunicationIntroduction:

Mobile Communication is a communication network (either public or private) which doesn't depend on any physical connection between two communication entities and have flexibility to be mobile during communication.The mobile phone has become a fixture of daily life in almost every society on earth. In 2007, the world had over 3 billion mobile subscriptions.

Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications:

•The first wire line telephone system was introduced in the year 1877. Mobile communication in 1934 were based on Amplitude Modulation (AM)schemes maintained by public organizations systems.• World War II brought demand of the development of Frequency Modulation (FM) technique by Edwin Armstrong,•. Mobile telephone was introduced in the year 1946.•initially it found very less market penetration owing to high costs and technological drawbacks. Now the term `mobile' has completely revolutionized the communication by opening up innovative applications that are limited to one's imagination. Today, mobile communication has become the backbone of the society

the development of newer and better technologies starting from the 1970s and with the mobile users now connectedto the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), there has been an astronomical growth in the cellular radio and the personal communication systemsPresent Day Mobile Communication:

Since the time of wireless telegraphy, radio communication has been used extensively.•The range of mobility was denied by the transmitter power• Type of antenna used and the frequency of operation. •More users, limited available frequency spectrum • To resolve this problem, the concept of cellular communication was evolved. The present day cellular communication uses a basic unit called cell

Functions of E commerce:1) Registration:In order to make a purchase, users must register with the site, providing all the information needed for shipping and billing.The data will be stored on a database and will be available from the back office. basket is a tool that, like a shopping basket, allows users to sale2)Basket The ct the products they want and then go to the checkout for payment.Managing the basket means:summarising user requests within the possibilities offered by the catalogue checking the basket and possibly cancel/modify the items placed in it starting the payment process for the selected products.

3) Product managementThis is the main part of the e-commerce system and provides all the features required for product placement, order fulfilment, etc.., key to the management of online sales.4) Listing orders and customer detailsFrom the back office of the site you can search and sort orders by:•customer•order status•date•Payment5) Search for articles in the catalog

A search engine of the products is accessible directly by the customers at the commercial site using the key words associated with each product. These key words are generated and/or are managed manually.6) View of the product by listThe view of the products of a category is a standard functionality of the Neogia solution.

Dialup and Leased Line Addresses and Pocket PC’s

What is a Dialup connection?• Dial-up pertains to a telephone connection in a

system of many lines shared by many users.• It is maintained for a limited time duration.

The alternative is a dedicated connection, which is continuously in place.

• Dial-up lines are sometimes called switched lines and dedicated lines are called non switched lines.

• A dedicated line is often a leased line that is rented from a telephone company.

• A dial-up connection can be initiated manually or automatically by your computer's modem or other device.

What is a Leased Line connection?

• A permanent telephone connection between two points set up by a telecommunications common carrier.

• leased lines are used by businesses to connect geographically distant offices. Unlike normal dial-up connections, a leased line is always active. The fee for the connection is a fixed monthly rate.

• Connection doesn't carry anybody else's communications, so the carrier can assure a given level of quality.

Difference between Dialup and Leased line Addresses

Leased Line Dial-up

Always connected, unless a system administrator or power failure takes the leased-line down.

Initiated on demand, when a user tries to call a remote peer.

Rented from a provider. Uses existing telephone lines.

Requires synchronous units. Uses less costly modems.

Pocket PC’s• Pocket PC (pocket personal computer) is a generic

label that is used to describe a mobile device that provides many of the same functions as a desktop computer.

• Informally, the term is used as a synonym for smart phone or personal digital assistant (PDA). Pocket PC is a hardware specification from Microsoft for a small, handheld computing device that uses the Microsoft's Windows Mobile operating system

Smart Phones

Pocket PC’s

World Wide Web

PRESENTED BY:SADIA KHAN

• It is a collection of text documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs, usually accessed by web browsers, from web servers.

• It is one of the services transferred over these networks.

• World wide web

Linking

• Web pages contain hyperlinks to other related pages and perhaps to downloadable files, source documents, definitions and other web resources. In the underlying HTML, a hyperlink looks like <a href="http://example.org/wiki/Main_Page">Example.org, a free encyclopedia</a

Dynamics Update Of Web Pages

• Java Script is a scripting language that was initially developed in 1995 by Brendan Eich,

• Netscape, for use within web pages.• The standardised version is ECMA Script.• Multiple Ajax requests can be handled at the

same time, and users can interact with the page while data is retrieved.

• Web pages may also regularly poll the server to check whether new information is available.

• Important aspect in communication technology is mobile phone has become the most common tool of communication from the last few years.

• Pre-cell phone mobile phone technology, communication was possible only through voice. But now we have certain advance technologies

1. Analogue cell phones2. Digital cell phones3. 2G networks for voice only4. 3G introduced

Advancements

4G Connections

• 4G development focuses around achieving ultra-broadband speeds, competing with and in some cases outstripping the speeds providing by your home internet connections.

5G Connections• 5G is a technology used in research papers

and projects to denote the next major phase of mobile telecommunication standards.

• It is a real wireless world that is WWWW (World Wide Wireless Web).

Telephony & Modem

• Telephony is transmission of speech/sound at a distance via electromagnetic spectrum.

• Modem is a device that encodes digital computer signals in to analogue signals and vice versa. It allows computers to communicate over a phone line.