ARC 110History of Architecture I

Module 1Introductory Module

Introductory Module

• Outline of Presentation– Lecture1

• Introduction to Course– Lecture 2

• Introduction to Architecture and History of Architecture

– Lecture 3• Introduction to Materials, Systems and

Technologies

Module 1 Lecture 1Intro to Architecture and History of Arch.

Outline of Lecture

• Lecture1– Course Description – Course Learning Outcomes– Course Content– Course Activities– Course Interactions and Communication– Course Expectations – Course Evaluation

Course Description

• From the KFUPM Undergraduate Bulletin– The course presents an overview of the developments of

early civilizations and their architecture with emphasis on locations in the ancient middle and Near- East. The material covers from pre-history to Egyptian, Greek, roman, and Byzantine architecture. Eastern architecture of indo-Islamic, Chinese and Japanese civilizations is also included. Emphasis is on the appreciation of usable materials, construction techniques and design theories of the past, leading to an understanding of why the various cultures produced the architecture of their time.

Course Learning Outcomes• Demonstrate an understanding of the factors

that influence the architectural traditions of each of the ancient civilizations

• Demonstrate an understanding of how aesthetic and symbolic factors affect the form of buildings of the civilizations studied

• Demonstrate an understanding of progress in architectural development within the period studied

Course Learning Outcomes• Be able to compare the architecture of the

various civilizations in terms of materials, construction technology, building form and enclosed space

• Get a basic introduction to the language of architectural form and space and also to design

• Get a basic introduction to the integration of different systems of materials, construction system and technology and structures in buildings

Course Content

• Course Content– Introductory module – Prehistoric architecture– Architecture of the Ancient Near East (ANE)– Ancient Egyptian architecture– Aegean architecture– Greek architecture– Roman architecture– Early Christian and Byzantine architecture (ECB)

Course Schedule

• Schedule– The course has a schedule for 30 lectures

over 15 weeks– Twenty six of the thirty lectures will be

devoted to content material exploration– Four of the lectures are reserved for class

activity, principally small group presentation and discussion forum

Course Activities

• Activity types– Content Material Exploration– Small Group Research – Quizzes– Course project– Course Final Examination

Content Material• The content material of the course is divided into 8

modules• The first module is introductory, providing information

and knowledge necessary to comprehend the main content of the course

• Module 2 to 8 cover the different historical periods of interest in the course

• The historical modules have a standard organization• They are divided into 4 sections:

– Historical Background– Architecture of the Civilization – Architectural Characteristics– Comparison with previous civilizations

Content Material Exploration• There are two ways that course participants can

interact with content material:• Through Attending Lectures• Through exploring interactive courseware• Through Exploring the HTML notes pages

– All sources have exactly the same content and illustrations– Content material will be scheduled according to the course

schedule– Practice quizzes will also be scheduled at the same time as the

content materials– Course participants are expected explore the content materials

according to the course schedule and also attempt associated practice quizzes

– The instructor will monitor content material exploration and inform any course participant who is going according to schedule

Small Group Research• Small Group

– As part of requirement, each participant is expected to undertake research as part of a small group

– You will be provided with the opportunity to register as part of a group at the beginning of the course

– Each will study a specific issue or building from any of the 7 historical periods of the course

– Each group is expected to finish its presentation and post it before the scheduled discussion forum on that civilization

– In the discussion forum, the group will present their work and it will be the subject of review by the whole course participants

Course Activities

• Activity types– Content Material Exploration– Small Group Research– Quizzes– Course project– Course Final Examination

Interaction and Communication

• Four tools will form the backbone of interaction and communication in the course– The tools are

• E-mail system• Course chartroom• Discussion Board• Progress report• All of these tools are hosted as part of the course

website

Course Expectations

• The instructor on his own part is expected to:

– Place all materials on time and according to schedule

– Give you all assignments and projects on time– Inform you about deadlines– Give you notice for all quizzes and presentation– Attend to all technical problems– Inform you when you are lagging behind in content

exploration or activities– Respond within a reasonable time to all your mails– Give you evaluation feedback on course activities

Course Expectations • From enrolled students - For a successful completion

of the course, the instructors expects each participant to:

– Be prompt in going through content materials as scheduled – Be prompt in all projects and assignments – Participate in all class projects and discussion forum – Be active in discussion board postings– Be polite and respectful to all course participants – Show an active interest in seeking for new materials to

supplement what is provided

Course Evaluation

• Course Evaluation– Attendance & time on task 10%– Small group research 10%– Quizzes 30%– Course Project 20%– Final Exam 30% – -----------------– Total: 100%

Module 1 Lecture 2Intro to Architecture and History of Arch.

Outline of Lecture • What is Architecture• Contents of the History of architecture

– Buildings and other architectural objects– Theories of aesthetics and design– Social, economic, political, technological

and other factors• Outline History of Human Civilization

Leaning Outcomes

• Learning outcomes from this Lecture– Have a basic understanding of the

meaning of architecture– Understand what constitute the content of

a history of architecture course– Know the important periods and events in

the history of human civilization

What is Architecture

What is Architecture

• What is Architecture ?• How can I define architecture?

What is Architecture

• Definitions from three sources:– The art and science of buildings; architects

research, plan, design and administer projects for individuals and groups of people (Mark and LinaKean, An interactive introduction to architecture)

– The practice of Building Design and its resulting products; customary usage refers to only those buildings and structures that are culturally significant (Encarta encyclopedia).

– Architecture as the art and science of designing and constructing buildings (Ching, A visual Dictionary of architecture)

What is Architecture • From the definitions

– Architecture refers to process of designing buildings and administering their construction

– It also refers to the buildings that are product of architectural design

– It refers therefore to both the process and product of design and construction

What is Architecture • We may better understand architecture by

looking at the root of the word– Architecture is derived from Word archi-tecton;

archi means chief and teckton means building– Architeckton therefore means chief builder– Architects are traditionally master builders who

design and oversee the process of translating design into real buildings.

• One of the definitions raise the issue that architecture refers to culturally significant buildings; How do we determine cultural significance?

Arch. & Cultural Significance• Does Architecture refer to culturally

significant buildings• How can we identify Culturally significant

buildings – Use criteria put forward by Roman Architect

VITRUVIUS• It must be functional and have a use• It must be technically sound• It must express ideas of beauty or aesthetics

• Environment and Behavior scientist disagree and would categorize all human habitat as architecture

Architecture in Everyday Usage

• Architecture may be used to refer to– the product or result of architecture work. – style or method of building (or design) that is

characteristics of a particular people, place or time.

– the profession of designing buildings and other habitable environments

• You should always strive to place the use of the term in context

Contents of the History of Architecture

Forces that Shape Buildings • Owner: with specific requirements for the building• Architect/builder: With professional training and

judgment• Society: provides concept of good and bad design,

concept of beauty• Governments: Control and regulate development of all

buildings• Site and location: nature of site and geographical

location• Technical: available materials, knowledge of construction

system and structures

Contents of Arch. History• In Architectural History, we seek to

– Study buildings of a particular civilization over the period of its history

– Identify and study the forces that shape the buildings and building practices of the civilization

– Understand how building practices changed over time and why they changed

Contents of Arch History • History is therefore essentially a tour through

different locations and time focused on three things:

– Buildings and other architectural Elements– Theories of Aesthetics and Design– Forces that shape building practices

• We will examine each in detail

Buildings & Other Arch Elements

• Buildings are the main content of a history of architecture course

• In history, the reality of what was built in the past is captured

• Buildings are studied in their geographical context and time period

• They are examined from the perspective of function, form, space, application of design principles and adaptation to the physical environment

The of Aesthetics & Des Method

• Buildings usually symbolize ideas of aesthetics held by a people

• In history, we try to understand the ideas and beliefs of a people about beauty and the right way to design

• By studying such ideas in different buildings and time periods we can reconstruct their theories of aesthetics

• We can also determine how it has changed with time

Other Societal Factors • Social, economic, political, technological and other

factors play a major role in the evolution of particular architecture of a place or period

• In history, we try to understand how these forces shape the environment that leads to the production of buildings

• History in this respect is more like a study of the cultural development of civilizations with architecture as a representation of the civilizations

• In representing the civilizations, architecture represents its history and achievements

The History Course • In the History of Architecture 1 course, history is

viewed as a means of teaching students about design

• History exposes students to the riches of the past

• Students learn about different buildings, when they were constructed, how and why they come to be and the specific ideas of beauty they personify

• By studying different periods, a student is exposed to a vast wealth of information about buildings and how they came to be

• He is therefore exposed to a resource bank to use in solving contemporary design problems

Outline History of Human Civlization

History of Human Civilization • History of the world generally divided into

two• History of the physical world and the history

of human civilization • In the follow pages we will review the various

periods of human civilization and identify significant events within the periods

• These various periods are; – Prehistoric period, early or ancient civilizations,

the classical periods, Dark or Middle ages, Renaissance period, Industrial Age and Modern History

Pre-historic Period (up to 3000 BC)

Date (BC) Some Significant Events

9000 Paleolithic civilization (wanderers and food gatherers)

8000 Beginning of Mesolithic civilization (hunters, fishermen, food collectors)

7800 Oldest Known settlement at Jericho

6250-5400 Catal Huyuk

4000 Beginning of Neolithic civilization (Farmers)

Early or Ancient Civilizations5000-1000 BC

Date (BC) Some Significant Events

3000 Egyptian Civilization

2778 Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

2759 Sumerian numeral system based on 60

2700 First true arch and vault in Mesopotamia

2500 Great Pyramid at Gizeh

2500 Height of Indus Valley civilization, India

2000 Minoan civilization

The Classical Period1100 BC-476 AD

Date Some Significant Events

1100 BC Emergence of Greece

432 BC The Parthenon

334 BC Temple of Athena

140 BC Greece falls under Roman rule

47 BC Rome conquers Egypt

70 BC The Coliseum

0 AD Birth of Jesus Christ

1 –100 AD Vitrivius, 10 books on architecture (oldest known text on architecture)

117 AD Rome reaches greatest extent, From Spain to Persia, and Britain to Carthage

286 AD Rome split into two by Diocletian

324 AD Constantine reunites Roman empire at Constantinople (Byzantium)

476 AD Fall of Rome after a century of attacks from Vandals and Visigoths

Dark or Middle Ages476 – 1450 AD

Date (AD) Some Significant Events

480 AD Benedictine rule establishes basis for all monasteries

630 AD Muslim dominance of Asia and North Africa extends to Spain

800 AD St. Mark Cathedral

742-814 AD Charlemagne organizes central Europe

1099 AD Beginning of Christian Crusades

1133 AD Durham Cathedral- earliest use of the ribbed vault, beginning of Gothic Architecture

1194 AD Chatres Cathedral rebuilt after devastating fire

1259 AD Marco Polo, First Westerner to cross Asian Continent, Description of the world

Renaissance Period1450 – 1750 AD

Date (AD) Some Significant Events1420-1446 Construction of the dome of the Florence Cathedral marking

the beginning of the Renaissance1448 Gutenberg Press prints the first book, the Christian bible

1452 Leonardo Da Vinci is born, painter, engineer, designer, scientist and philosopher

1486 First Printed edition of Vitruvius 10 books on architecture

1492 Columbus goes to America1475 Michelangelo is born, the sistene chapel, St. Peter dome,

Campidoglio in rome1590 Galileo, astronomer, physicist, posits ‘a sun centered universe’

1666 Newton devises theory on gravityGreat fire in London

Industrial Age1750 – 1900 AD

Date (AD) Some Significant Events

1709 Carbon fuel for smelting iron ore led to coking of coal

1759 Beginning of industrial revolution with invention of steam engine

1776 American war of independence

1789 French revolution

1804 Napolean Bonaparte and the first empire

1830 Liverpool to Manchester railway

1848 Communist Manifesto by Max and Engels

1859 C. Darwin on origin of species

1861 Civil war in the United States

1871 Great Chicago Fire

Modern History1900 – Present AD

Date (AD) Some Significant Events

1903 The Wright Brothers at Kitty Hawk fly an airplane for the first timeFord Motor Company is established

1905 Theory of Relativity by Einstein

1914 World War I

1917 Russian Revolution

1939 World War II

1945 The first electronic digital computer at the University of Pennsylvania weighting 29 tons

1969 Apollo Moon Landing

19912001

World wide webWorld Trade Center Bombing

2006 What next?

End of Lecture

Module 1 Lecture 3Intro to Bdg. Materials, Syst. & Technologies

Outline of Lecture • Building materials and their characteristics

– Wood, Stone, Brick, Iron, Concrete, Other materials

• Building structural systems– Bearing walls, Post and Lintel, Arch, Dome– Truss systems, Frame structures, shells and other

free forms– Membrane structures

• Technical Systems in Buildings– Climate control, water systems, lighting

Leaning Outcomes

• Learning outcomes from this Lecture– Have an introduction to the different

materials used in buildings– Develop an understand of the different

structural systems used in buildings– Have a basic understanding of the

different technical systems used in Buildings

Building Materials

Building Materials

• Questions?– Have you ever looked at a building and

wondered about the materials used in the building?

– Have you ever wondered how or why the different materials were chosen?

Building Materials

• Building Materials– Buildings consist of many materials– Materials are selected based on

availability, property, cost and beauty– Each material is unique and suitable for

some uses– We will examine materials commonly

used in construction and highlight their properties

Wood • Among earliest materials used

in construction • Early stone age people built

huts with wood• Currently used for Post and

Beam and frame construction• Also used for interior

decoration and furnishing

Advantages of wood

• Major advantages of wood are:– its compressive and tensile strength, – the ease in shaping and carving it, – its lightweight and – abundant supply

• Major disadvantages are: – its inflammable nature, – its subjectivity to rot and insect damage and – the limitation in its length

Stone • The Ancient Egyptians

used stone extensively.

• Stone was also the favored building material of the Mycenaean and Greek people.

• Stone construction varies by location depending on the type of stone available

Advantages of Stone• The advantages of stone are

– its compressive strength, – its ornamental and sculptural value, and – its durability

• Its disadvantages include – Poor tensile strength, – Excessive weight, and – High cost in quarrying and finishing

Brick • Brick is used in locations

where there are no wood and stone.

• Romans were among the first civilizations to use brick extensively.

• They also used brick as a formwork for concrete.

• Commercial mass production of brick introduced in 1628 made brick the predominant building material in England

Advantages of Brick• Advantages of brick include

– lightweight, – its uniform size, density and color, and – the fact that it can be manufactured in a

variety of colors, textures and sizes• Disadvantages include

– the labor intensive installation process, – its ineffectiveness in tension and – mortar used in bonding brick is usually the

weakest element and vulnerable to water penetration

Iron • Iron became popular in after

Thomas Darby discovered in 1777 that high temperature causes iron to liquefy and become malleable.

• The first architectural applications were in bridges and railroads.

• Cast iron (2-4% carbon) was used for structural applications and wrought (0.1% carbon) iron for ornamental work.

Advantages of Iron• The advantages of iron are

– its high strength, – light nature and – mass production potential

• Its disadvantages are – its subjectivity to corrosion and – its brittle nature

Steel • Steel became popular after

1856, when H. Bassemerdeveloped a process for introducing carbon into the smelting process

• Steel is of greater strength than cast iron and is structurally stronger than concrete and wood

• The discovery of steel and its production was the greatest technical innovation affecting architecture of the 20th century

Advantages of Steel • The advantages of steel are

– its extreme strength and rigidity, – its superior joining capabilities and – the fact that you can have a highly controlled

manufacturing process for it

• Its main disadvantage:– It liquefies when subjected to very high

temperature

Concrete • Romans were the first civilization

to use concrete. • They used it to achieve very big

structures with huge interiors. • Use of concrete was discontinued

in the Middle Ages. • Came into use again after 1824

when Portland cement was developed.

• The addition of steel reinforcement that followed this development increased the use of concrete as a construction material

Advantages of Concrete• The advantages of concrete are

– its fire resistance, – inexpensive manufacturing process, – durable nature, – its structural versatility, – high compressive strength and – ability to pre-cast it

• Its major disadvantages are – the fact that casting must be controlled, and so it

cannot be mixed far away from the site. – It is also subject to rapid deterioration in hostile

environments

Other Materials • Other materials that are commonly used in contemporary

buildings include:– aluminum, – glass, – plastics, paper, – lead, – synthetics, – canvass, – and new materials continually developed for new uses.

Building Structural Systems

Building Structural Systems • Structure is a necessary part of architecture. • Structure ensures the stability of buildings. • Structural members enable the resolution and

transfer of forces to the ground. • Structural elements also define spaces in

buildings. • We will review some predominant structural

systems featured in buildings over time

Bearing Wall

• Walls are the earliest development of architectural enclosure.

• This is made up of series of wall units that are assembled vertically and define usable space.

Post and Lintel • This is the simplest of

structural systems. • It is made up of a vertical

column that transfers the load of the horizontal lintel to the ground.

• This is the main construction system of ancient Egyptian temples and Greek architecture.

• It is also the most common form of modern construction

Arch • An arch is a curved structure

of wedged shaped blocks built to span an opening.

• Ancient Egyptians and ANE civilizations were among the earliest civilization to use the arch in construction.

• It was however the Romans that used the arch extensively and were able to achieve wide spans with it in buildings, bridges, and aqueducts

Vault • The extension of an

arch in the third dimension produces a vault

• The most primitive vault form creates a tunnel like space

• Vaulting was extensively used in Roman architecture

Dome

• The circular rotation of an arch around a fixed center yields a dome circular in plan

• The oldest and largest existing dome is the Pantheon in Rome

Truss System

• A truss is a 2-Dimensional plane system consisting of an assembly of individual members arranged in triangular units

Frame Structure

• Any material made stable by a skeleton is a framed structure

• Popular framing materials include concrete, wood and steel

Shells and Other Free Forms

• Other available structural systems include shells, air supported structures, cable supported structures etc

Building Technologies

Basic Building Technologies• Buildings are usually associated with many

services and systems • used to control their internal environments to

ensure the health, safety and comfort of users.• These include heating, ventilation and cooling

systems (climate control), electrical systems, water system, lighting system, fire system, etc.

• Many of these systems are products of 20th century developments.

• We will briefly review the principal systems

Climate Control • Could be passive or active• Passive uses regional and local solution

to climatic conditions• Methods include;

– building orientation, shading using overhangs, natural planting, use of window elements, choice wall detail, etc.

• Active control uses mechanical means along with the use of fuels for energy

Water System • Water systems consist of the process of getting water

from natural sources, treating the water and delivering it to buildings and of collecting wastewater and sewage to treatment facilities.

• Early civilizations relied on natural sources for water supply with minimum intervention for treatment or transport

• In ancient Egypt, the Nile was a very important source of portable water.

• The Romans were the first civilization to intervene and develop complex water systems consisting of aqueducts to supply water to cities, channels to distribute them and also sewage systems to take wastewater away

Lighting System

• Light is made up of energy that is transmitted by electromagnetic waves.

• Light is essential for our vision and so is an important aspect of architecture.

• Lighting systems can be divided into artificial and natural lighting.

• Natural lighting depends on the sun for illumination

• Artificial lighting relies on sources other than the sun.

Lighting System

• In the earliest societies, artificial lighting was achieved through the burning of natural fuels as in torches, candles and lamps.

• The gas lamp developed in the 19th century is one of the earliest lighting devices.

• The introduction of electricity changed completely the way we light our buildings

End of Lecture and of Module 1