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1st Seconday Education Revision

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1.Prehistory comprises three periods:

Lower Palaeolithic, Middle Palaeolithic and 

Upper Palaeolithic.

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2. In the Neolithic Age human beings became nomadic.

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3. In the Metal Ages human beings used stone

instead of metals to make tools.

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*instead of – en lugar de*tools - herramientas

4. Palaeolithic Age comprises three periods:

Palaeolithic Age, Neolithic Age and Metal Ages.

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5. In the Palaeolithic Age people were sedentary

and lived in huts.

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*huts – cabañas, chozas

6. Palaeolithic means “tools made of stone”.

*tools - herramientas

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7. Fire was discovered in the Neolithic.

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8. Weapons, jewels and food were placed in prehistoric burials.

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*weapons – armas*jewels – joyas *burials - enterramientos

9. In the Upper Palaeolithic the climate changed and became extremely cold.

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10. In the Palaeolithic it was believed that supernatural forces could help or punish 

human beings.

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*punish - castigar

11. Main changes in the Neolithic Age were:

polished utensils, livestock and agriculture.

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*polish – pulir*livestock - ganado

12. Animal raising and agriculture made it impossible

for people to live in a fixed place.

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13. Pottery was createdin the Metal Ages.

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14. The use of copper marked the beginning of

the Metal Ages.

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*copper - cobre

15. In the Metal Ages there were important technical changes, such as textiles and pottery.

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16. In the Metal Ages wealth was divided equally.

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1.Children went to school in Mesopotamia.

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2. The first rulers of Mesopotamia were priests and priestesses

but later kings ran the government.

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*priest – sacerdote*priestess – sacerdotisa*king - rey

3. Sumerian merchants sold to other cities Mesopotamian products

such as copper, tin and timber.

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*copper – cobre*tin – hojalata*timber - madera

4. The upper class of Sumerian society were kings, priests

and civil-servants.

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*civil servant - funcionario

5. Sumerian city-states were isolated because they were always

at war with one another.

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*at war – en guerra

6. A city-state is part of a bigger state.

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*bigger – más grande

7. Most people in Sumer were artisans and skilled workers.

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*skilled – hábil, experto

8. The lower social class of Sumer were slaves.

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*lower – más baja

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1. Pharaohs were considered gods on Earth who controlled 

Egypt’s welfare.

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*welfare - bienestar

2. The First Intermediate Period in Egypt's history happened

between 2300 B.C. and 2050 B.C. when nobility battled one another

for power.

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3. Egypt conquered new lands during the Middle Kingdom

 and because of these conquests, the kingdom became very poor.

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*kingdom - reino

4. The Middle Kingdom finished for two reasons:

nobilty fought again for the power and Hittites invaded Egypt.

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*fought (past) fight - luchar

5. The New Kingdom started when the Hyksos took over Egypt.

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6. Hatshepsut conquered some territories of Mesopotamia.

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7. Akhenaton turned the polytheistic religion

of Egypt into a monotheistic one.

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*turn - convertir

8. With Akhenaton the Egyptian empire became smaller

but with Ramses II lands were regained in western Asia.

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*lands – tierras*regain - recuperar

9. The main reason why Egypt lost power after Ramses II's death is

that Egyptians had to pay much more for iron weapons

than their enemies.

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*iron – hierro*death - muerte*weapons - armas

10. In 670 B.C. Egyptians took over the Assyrian empire.

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*took over (past) take over - apoderarse

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1. Between 1st and 2nd centuries AD

Rome conquered all the territories on the Italian Peninsula.

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2. Between 500 and 250 BC, Roman Empire expanded

north to south from British Isles to the Sahara Desert, and east

to west from Mesopotamia to the Iberian Peninsula.

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3. The Roman Empire was divided in provinces that had to pay

taxes to Rome. Each province was controlled

by a governor.

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4. During the Monarchy the king was helped by the senate.

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5. The last king of Rome,Tarquin the Proud, was Etruscan and

was dethroned in 509 BC.

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*proud – orgulloso*dethroned - destronar

6. The two main institutions of the Republic were

the comitias and the senate.

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*comitias - comicios

7. The plebeians were non-citizens who obtained their citizenship

by the 4th century BC.

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*citizen – ciudadano*citizenship - ciudadanía

8. During the Empire, Rome had to fight against Carthage in the Punic Wars to extend its

power around the Mediterranean.

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*fight – luchar*against - contra

9. In the 1st century BC the Republic was weakend

by corruption and internal conflicts.

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*weaken - debilitar

10. The fist triumvirate was formed by Mark Antony, Julius Caesar

and Crassus; the second triumvirate was formed by

Pompey, Octavian and Lepidus.

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11. In 27 BC Octavian became Augustus and the Roman Empire

started.

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12. The military anarchy was a fifty years period in which there were

more than 25 emperors.

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13. In the 3rd century BC Roman army was defeated by Persians and Barbarians.

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*defeat - derrotar

14. During the 4th century AD emperors Diocletian and Constantine improved

the situation of the empire.

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*improve - mejorar

15. When the Huns entered Germanic territories, Barbarians

had to flee into the Roman Empire and Romans couldn't stop

this invasion.

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*flee - huir

16. Emperor Constantine divided the empire into the Western

Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire.

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17. The Western Roman Empire had its capital in Constantinople

and the Eastern Roman Empire in Rome.

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18. The Eastern Roman Empire was brought to an end thousand

years later than the Western Roman Empire and changed

its name to the Byzantine Empire.

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19. Emperor Constantine declared Christianity the only

religion of the Roman Empire.

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20. Christians were persecuted by the empire because

they didn't want to worship Jupiter and the other Roman gods.

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*worship - adorar

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1.In Early Greece city-states were called polis. 

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2. Aristoi is a Greek word that means “government”. 

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3. In same poleis aristocracy replaced democracy. 

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4. An “acropolis” is a citadel on a hill. 

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5. Athens is a famous example of aristocratic government and

Sparta of democratic government. 

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6. Assemblies and councils were necessary in a

democratic government.

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7. Many Greeks migrated between the 8th and 6th

centuries because the population increased and there was not enough food for everyone. 

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8. In early Greece,land was divided equally. 

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9. Many Greeks migrated to the north and the south

of the Balkan Peninsula.

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10. Greek colonies were founded in places near the coast

in order to fish. 

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11. Greek colonies weren’t independent.

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12. Colonization spread Greek influence beyond its frontiers.

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13. The Greeks founded colonies on the east coast of

the Iberian Peninsula. 

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http://eso-socialscience.blogspot.com/

http://www.forumantica.com/prehistory/portugal-eng.html

http://www.crystalinks.com/greece.html

http://colecolon.wordpress.com/2010/03/16/13/

http://www.diomedes.com/hm_2.htm

http://www.2egipto.com/tours.main.asp

http://www.visiting-egypt.com/?p=27

http://www.iclipart.com