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Histologic structure of endocrine system
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HISTOLOGIC HISTOLOGIC STRUCTURE OF STRUCTURE OF
ENDOCRINE SYSTEMENDOCRINE SYSTEM
DR. I WAYAN SUGIRITAMA,M.KesDR. I WAYAN SUGIRITAMA,M.KesHISTOLOGY DEPARTMENTHISTOLOGY DEPARTMENT
MEDICAL FACULTY OF MEDICAL FACULTY OF UDAYANA UNIVERSITYUDAYANA UNIVERSITY
HORMONE : organic chemical that HORMONE : organic chemical that liberate by endocrine cells into liberate by endocrine cells into vascular systemvascular system
TARGET ORGAN : tissue/organ on TARGET ORGAN : tissue/organ on which the hormones actwhich the hormones act
ENDOCRINE GLANDS : Contain cell ENDOCRINE GLANDS : Contain cell that produce hormone (that produce hormone (Pituitary, Pituitary, Adrenal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Islet Langerhan,s, and Pineal)Islet Langerhan,s, and Pineal)
ENDOCRINEENDOCRINE
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICSGENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
1.1. COMMONLY SAID THAT THEY COMMONLY SAID THAT THEY HAVE NO DUCTSHAVE NO DUCTS
2.2. RICH SUPPLY OF BLOOD VESSELSRICH SUPPLY OF BLOOD VESSELS
3.3. EACH GLAND SECRETE ONE/MORE EACH GLAND SECRETE ONE/MORE HORMONE HORMONE SPECIFIC EFFECT SPECIFIC EFFECT UPON ANOTHER TISSUE/ORGANUPON ANOTHER TISSUE/ORGAN
PITUTIARY/ HYPOPHYSIS GLAND
• Develop from different embryonic :– Adenohypophysis :
evagination oral ectoderm– Neurohypophysis : neural
ectoderm
• Connected to the brain by neural pathways
• Hormone secretion controlled by Hypothalamus
SUBDIVISION OF HYPOPHYSIS
• Adenohypophysis (anterior pitutiary)– Pars distalis (anterior)– Pars intermedia– Pars tuberalis
• Neurohypophysis (posterior pitutiary)– Median eminence– Infundibulum– Pars Nervosa
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (Pars Distalis )
Chromophils (have an affinity for histological dyes) Acidhophil (granules stain
orange-red with eosin)Somatotrophs
somatotropin (GH)Mammotrophs Prolactin
Basophil (granule stain blue with basic dyes)CorticotrophsACTHThyrothropsTSHGonadothropsLH and
FSH
Chromophobes (do not take up stain) Degranulated chromophils
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS(Pars Intermedia and Pars Tuberalis)
PARS INTERMEDIA Between pars distalis-nervosa Cuboidal cell line, colloid
containing cysts (Rathke,s cysts)
Houses cord of basophils along networl of capillaries POMC α-MSH,corticotropin, β-lipoprotein,and β-endorphine
PARS TUBERALIS Surround hypophyseal stalk Highly vascularized by arteries
and hypophseal portal system along which longitudinal cords of cuboidal-low columnar epith.
Cells contain secretory granule (FSH?, LH?)
HYPOTHALAMOHYPOPHYSEAL TRACT
Unmyelinated axon (cell bodies in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus), enter the posterior pitutiary terminate in vicinity of capillaries
Nuclei sythezise ADH and oxytocin, and also neurohypophysin
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
Pars nervosa technically is not endocrine gland
Hypothalamohypophyseal tract end in the pars nervosa and store the neurosecretions that are produce by cells bodies (hypothalamus)
Axon supported by pituicytes (glial-like cell)
Axon contain granule of vasopressin or oxytocin
Chrome-alum staining reveal Herring bodies (accumulation of neurosecretory granule)
HYPOPHYSIS=MASTER GLAND
ADRENAL GLAND
• Consist of two layer :– Adrenal cortex
• From coelomic intermediate mesoderm
– Adrenal medulla• From neural crest modified
sympathetic postganglionic neurons
Adrenal cortex• Zona glomerulosa
– Columnar/pyramidal cells are arranged in closely packed, rounded or arched clusters
– Mineralocorticoids(aldosterone)
• Zona fasciculata– Polyhedral cells arranged in straight
cords– Glucocorticoids (cortisone &cortisol)
and androgens
• Zona reticularis– Cells disposed in irregular cords
that form anatomozing network– Glucocorticoids and androgens
ADRENAL MEDULLA
• Parenchymal : polyhedral cells arranged in cords/ clumps and supported by reticular fiber network
• >> capillary supply
• >> secretory granules– epinephrine &– norepinephrine
THYROID GLAND
Thyroid follicle is the structural and functional unit
Connective tissue septa derived from the capsule invaded the parenchym
Secrete T3 and T4
PARENCHYM OF THYROID GLAND
FOLLICULAR CELLS• Range from squamous-low columnar• Numerous short villi that extend into
colloid• Round, ovoid nucleus, • Basophilic cytoplasm, rod-shape
mitochondria, supranuclear golgi comp. numerous small vesicle
• Hormone T4 and T3 stored in colloid, which bound to Thyroglobulin
PARENCHYME CELL OF THYROID GLANDPARAFOLLICULAR CELLS• Pale staining, lie cluster among
the follicular cells• 2-3 times larger than follicular
cells; 0,1% of epithelium• Round nucleus, moderate RER,
elongated mithocondria, well developed golgi compl. Small dense granule
• Secrete calcitonin
SYNTHESIS OF THYROID HORMONE
PARATHYROIDS GLAND• Parenchym : consist of chief
cells and oxyphill cells • Cells form the cords or cluster
surrounded by reticular fiber and rich capillary network
• Connective tissue in older adult :>> adipose cells (up to 60%)
• Secrete PTH calcium metabolism
PARENCHYM OF PARATHYROID GLAND
• CHIEF CELLS– Eosinophilic-staining– Contain secretory granules (PTH)– Juxtanuclear golgi complex,
elongated mitochondria and abundant RER
• OXYPHIL CELLS– More deeply stain with eosin– Less numerous , appear in group– More mitochondria, small golgi
app. And little RER– The inactive phase of Chief cells
PINEAL GLAND
• Cone-shape midline projection from roof of the diencephalons
• 5-8 mm X 3-5 mm (120 mg)• Covered by pia mater
capsule septaincomplete lobules
• Parenchym composed by : pinealocytes & interstitial cell
• Melatonine secretion are influenced by light and dark
PARENCHYME OF PINEAL GLAND
• Pinealocytes– Basophilic cells, with one. two
long processed– Nucleus spherical– Cytoplasm : SER, RER, small
golgi app., mitochondria and small secretory granule
– Produce Melatonin and serotonin
• Interstitial cells– Scattered trough pinealocytes– Deeply staining, with long
processed– Calcium and carbonate deposite
CORPORA ARENACEA (BRAIN SAND) >> older
ISLET OF LANGERHANS
• Appear as rounded clusters of cells within exocrine pancreatic tissue
• Each islet consists of lightly stained polygonal/ rounded cells arranged in cords separated by network of fenestrated blood capillaries
• Four type cells (A, B, D and F)• The B cells have irregular
granules (insulin )• Type A cell Glucagons