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1
HEMODYNAMIC PRESSURE MONITORING
Dr. Mueen Ullah KhanAssitant professorDepartment of Anaesthesia KKUH
December 2 2009
Lecture series resident 1 and 2 Anaesthesia Lecture series resident 1 and 2 Anaesthesia
A. STANDARD
• Qualified anesthesia personnel shall be present in the room throughout the conduct of all general anesthetics, regional anesthetics and monitored anesthesia care.
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CIRCULATION
• OBJECTIVE: To ensure the adequacy of the patient's circulatory function during all anesthetics.
• METHODS: • (a) Every patient receiving anesthesia shall have the
electrocardiogram continuously displayed from the beginning of anesthesia until preparing to leave the anesthetizing location.
• (b) Every patient receiving anesthesia shall have arterial blood pressure and heart rate determined and evaluated at least every five minutes.
• (c) Every patient receiving general anesthesia shall have, in addition to the above, circulatory function continually evaluated by at least one of the following: palpation of a pulse, auscultation of heart sounds, monitoring of a tracing of intraarterial pressure, ultrasound peripheral pulse monitoring, or pulse plethysmography or oximetry.
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DEFINATIONS
• The arterial pulse is a wave of vascular distention resulting from the impact of the stroke volume of each beat being ejected into a closed system.
• Arterial pressure is the lateral pressure exerted by the contained blood on the walls of thevessels.
• Mean arterial pressure is the product of the cardiac output and the systemic vascular resistance. Mean pressure is about one-third the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures.
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Arterial pressure• Arterial pressure varies with the respiratory
cycle. • It normally decreases 6 mm Hg or lessREASON: • Increase in venous capacitance during
inspiration • Increase in right-sided heart venous return and
output, thus causing a decrease in left ventricular stroke output and pressure.
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BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING
• PERIOPERATIVE SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING
• INDIRECTLY using extremity-encircling cuffs
• DIRECTLY By inserting a catheter into an artery and transducing the arterial pressure trace.
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Indirect Measurement of Arterial Blood Pressure
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Indirect Measurement of Arterial Blood Pressure
PREREQUISITES
• The bladder width for indirect blood pressure monitoring should approximate 40% of the circumference of the extremity.
• Bladder length should be sufficient to encircle at least 60% of the extremity.• AUSCULTATION OF THE KOROTKOFF
SOUNDS 8
Indirect Measurement of Arterial Blood Pressure
LIMITATIONS
• Quick deflations underestimate blood pressure.
• Unreliable during conditions of low flow.
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NIBP
• Most current instruments use oscillometric techniques to measure systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures.
Automated oscillometry underestimateSystolic blood pressure, with mean errors
reported from -6.9 to -8.6 mm Hg compared with direct radial artery pressure measurements.
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Invasive Measurement of Vascular (Arterial Blood)
Pressure
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Invasive Measurement of Vascular (Arterial Blood) Pressure
• Indwelling arterial cannulation permits the opportunity to monitor arterial blood pressure continuously and to have vascular access for arterial blood sampling.
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INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
Physiology Monitor
MechanicalMechanicalenergyenergy
TransducerTransducersystemsystem
ElectronicElectronicsignalsignal
Transducer systemTransducer system
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COMPONENTS1. Transducer Change mechanical energy to electronic
signal.
2. Continuos washing system Saline solution in a pressure bag (300mmHg)
or infusion pump (less fluid volume!!!)
3. Proximal stopcock Useful to set “Zero”.
4. Connection to catheter Transfer pressure pulse from caterer to
transducer
5. Distal stopcock Useful to take out blood sample.
2
4 5
1
3
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
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TransducerTransducersystemsystem
Resonance Damping
CONNECTION LINE: SHORTER , LONG and STIFFER!SHORTER , LONG and STIFFER!
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
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Calibration - “ZERO”
WHY Remove atmospheric pressure interference (~760mmHg)
WHEN connection from transducer to monitor
Not when you change transducer position!!!
TEST Open Proximal Stopcock to connect transducer to air ,monitor must show a Straight line and measure “zero”.
SET: RANGE
Measured pressureis always relative to
a reference point.It’s a difference!
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
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Level:
Reference pointRIGHT ATRIUM
=“Mean Axillary Line”
Supine position
WHEN: SET LEVEL Every time patient moves (Otherwise measurement is not right!!!)
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
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RAPID FLUSH TEST
To determinatethe dynamic response
of catheter and transducer system
Overdamped
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
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Invasive arterial pressureInvasive arterial pressure
WHEN:
• Beat to beat chance in BP•Expecting large fluid shifts•Cardiac arrest• Shock syndrome• Hypertensive crisis• Use of vasoactive drugs• Use on IABP
MULTIPLE BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS• Mechanical Ventilation• Respiratory failure• Sepsis
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
WHERE:
1. Radial Artery2. Femoral Artery
3. Brachial Artery4. Axillary Artery5. Dorsalis pedis artery
90%
TECHNIQUE OFCANNULATION:
- Use alwaysSeldinger Technique
Invasive arterial pressure - 2Invasive arterial pressure - 2
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
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MAP = PAd + (PAs-PAd) / 3
Pulse Pressure : PAs-PAd
Invasive arterial pressure - 3Invasive arterial pressure - 3
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
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Invasive arterial pressure - 4Invasive arterial pressure - 4
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
NORMAL RANGE SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
Age Wt mmHg
Term 3.4kg 40-603 mo 6kg 45-756 mo 7.5kg 50-901 yr 10kg 50-1003yr 14kg 50-1007yr 22kg 60-9010yr 30kg 60-9012yr 38kg 65-9514yr 50kg 65-95
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Invasive arterial pressureInvasive arterial pressure
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
RESPIRATORY CHANGES IN ARTERIAL WAVE FORM IN
MECHANICALLY VENTILATED PATIENTS
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE VARIATION - SPV
PULSE PRESSURE VARIATION - PPV
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE VARIATION - SPV
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Invasive arterial pressureInvasive arterial pressure
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE VARIATION - SPVThe difference between the maximal and minimal value of systolic blood pressure during one mechanical breath.
SPV can be divided into two components by interposing a brief (5sec) apnea, and using the systolic blood pressure during apnea as a reference value:
down
upThe difference between the maximal systolic value and the systolic blood pressure during apnea.
The difference between the apneic systolic blood pressure and the minimal systolic value.
Invasive arterial pressureInvasive arterial pressureSYSTOLIC PRESSURE VARIATION - SPV
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Invasive arterial pressureInvasive arterial pressure
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE VARIATION - SPV
Down
reflects the expiratory decrease in
LV preload and SV related to the
inspiration decrease in RVSV
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Invasive arterial pressureInvasive arterial pressure
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE VARIATION - SPV
Perel A. et al.-Anesthesiology 1987:67;498-502
Pizov R. et al.-Anesth Analg 1988:67;170-174
Preisman S. et al.-Int Care Med1997:23;651-657
During hypovolemia, as during hemorrage
SPV by Down
The amount of blood loss was closely correlated
with SPV and Down
Volume expansion SPV and Down
PULSE PRESSURE VARIATION - PPV
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Invasive arterial pressureInvasive arterial pressure
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
PULSE PRESSURE VARIATION - PPV
PULSE PRESSUREThe difference between systolic and diastolic arterial pressure
In mechanically ventilated patients:
•PP is maximum at the end of inspiratory period
•PP is minimum during the expiratory period
Respiratory changes in LVSV are reflected by respiratory changes in PP.
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Invasive arterial pressureInvasive arterial pressure
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
PULSE PRESSURE VARIATION - PPV
PP (%) = (PPmax- PPmin) / ((Ppmax+Ppmin)/2)*100
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Invasive arterial pressureInvasive arterial pressure
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
PULSE PRESSURE VARIATION - PPV
Michard et al.: Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2000; 162:134-138
PPV before volume expansion can accurately predict the effect of volume expansion on CO
PPV is a more reliable indicator of fluid responsiveness than PS
• A patients with a baseline PPV value of more than 13% was very likely to respond to volume expansion by increasing CO by 15% (positive predicted value 94%).
• By contrast, if PPV 13%, the patients was unlikely to respond to fluid challenge (negative predictive value 96%).
Central Venous PressureCentral Venous Pressure
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Central Venous Pressure - 1Central Venous Pressure - 1
WHEN:
• Pre-operative preparation
• Total parenteral nutrition
• Pulmonary artery catheter
• Emergency management
• Use of vasoactive and irritant drugs
• Cardiac arrest
•Neurosurgery
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
CVP monitoring
• Proponents of CVP monitoring believe that CVP pressures are essentially equivalent to right atrial pressures and serve as a reflection of right ventricular preload
• CVP monitoring is less invasive and less costly than pulmonary artery monitoring and offers unique understanding of right-sided hemodynamic events and the status of vascular volume.
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WHERE:
Depend on surgery plan!!
1. Internal Jugular vein2. Subclavian vein3. Basalic/cephalic veins- long line
2. Femoral vein- long line
TECHNIQUE OFCANNULATION:- Use always
Seldinger Technique
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
1. 5Kg 4 Fr- 5cm bi-lumen⇒
5,5Fr 5cm triple-lumen
2. 5-10 Kg 4 Fr 8cm triple-lumen⇒
5,5Fr 5cm triple-lumen
3. 10-20 Kg 5,5 Fr 8 cm triple-lumen⇒
4. 20 Kg 5.5 Fr 8 - 13cm triple-⇒lumen
5. Adults 6 Fr 16-18 cm
Central Venous Pressure - 2Central Venous Pressure - 2
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CVP – Central Venous Pressure / Right Atrium waveform
• A wave Atrium Systole
• C wave Tricuspid valve closure
• X wave Atrial relaxation
• V wave Atrial filling with tricuspid valve closed
• Y wave Ventricular filling after ticuspid valve opening
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
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Spontaneous Breathing Mechanical Ventilation
( = Inspiration)
Central Venous Pressure / Ventilation
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
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• TRICUSPID REGURGITATION: Elevated CVP
Evident positive V wave
• CARDIAC TAMPONADE: Elevated CVP
Damping or absence of Y waveEqualization of CVP, diastolic PAP and PAWP
CVP – Central Venous Pressure / Right Atrium waveform
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
Complications
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Superior Vena Cava>Tricuspid Valve
> Right Ventricle> Pulmonary Artery
PULMUNARY ARTERY CATHETER - SWAN-GANZ
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SWAN-GANZ CATHETER
1. Distal lumen
2. Proximal lumen
3. Balloon inflation lumen
1
2
3
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WHEN:
• Complicated MI
•Shock (cardiogenic-hypovolemic-Septic)
• Respiratory distress (cardiogenic – noncardiogenic)
• Management post-cardiac surgery patient
• Others
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
Pulmunary Artery Catheter - 1Pulmunary Artery Catheter - 1
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CONTROINDICATIONS:•Stenosis tricuspid, •LBBB
Inserction:Arrhythmias (TV, FV) 0.3-63 %Right bundle branch (0.1-4.3 %), Total AVB (0-8.5 %)Intracardiac and valve damageTromboembolic complication“Knotting” (loop)
After inserction:Infection (0-22%)SepticemiaEndocarditis (2.2 -100%)Pulmonary infarction (0.1 -7 %)Pulmonary artery perforation (0.06-0.2 %)Balloon rupture
COMPLICATION:
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
Pulmunary Artery Catheter - 2Pulmunary Artery Catheter - 2
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INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
Pulmunary Artery Catheter - 3Pulmunary Artery Catheter - 3
Insertion technique
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INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
Pulmunary Artery Catheter - 4Pulmunary Artery Catheter - 4
Insertion technique
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INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
Pulmunary Artery Catheter - 5Pulmunary Artery Catheter - 5
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MEASUREMENTS:MEASUREMENTS: Cardiac Output
Thermodilution (Fegler G., 1954/Ganz W, 1971) Cold solution in injected into right atrium. The thermistor records blood temperature change on the top of
pulmonary artery catheter.
Stewart-Hamilton formula
CO = Vol injected x (TB-TF)1.08K/ ? ? TB(t)dtCO = Vol injected x (TB-TF)1.08K/ ? ? TB(t)dt
• TB, TF = Blood and cold fliud temperature• ?? TB(t)dt = under-curve area• K = computational constants
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
Pulmunary Artery Catheter - 6Pulmunary Artery Catheter - 6
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MEASUREMENTS:MEASUREMENTS: Pulmonary Artery Occlusion Pressure (PAOP)
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
Pulmunary Artery Catheter - 7Pulmunary Artery Catheter - 7
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MEASUREMENTS:MEASUREMENTS: Pulmonary Artery Occlusion Pressure (PAOP)
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
Pulmunary Artery Catheter - 7Pulmunary Artery Catheter - 7
In Pediatric Cardiac Surgery you can put a catheter direct In Left Atrium
LVEDPLAP
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MEASUREMENTS:MEASUREMENTS: Pulmonary Artery Occlusion Pressure (PAOP)
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
Pulmunary Artery Catheter - 8Pulmunary Artery Catheter - 8
Error in interpretation – Damped PAP
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MEASUREMENTS:MEASUREMENTS: Pulmonary Artery Occlusion Pressure (PAOP)
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
Pulmunary Artery Catheter - 9Pulmunary Artery Catheter - 9
Error in interpretation – Overwedging
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MEASUREMENTS:MEASUREMENTS: Pulmonary Artery Occlusion Pressure (PAOP)
INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE MONITORING
Pulmunary Artery Catheter - 10Pulmunary Artery Catheter - 10
Error in interpretation –
Mitral regurgitation
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• Central Venous Line– CVP– Blood gas (ScvO2)
• Arterial line– Continuous Blood Pressure– SPV / PPV
• Pulmonary Artery Catheter (PAC)– Occlusion pressure, PAP– C.O. / SVR / PVR– SvO2– DO2 / VO2 DRUGS?
VOLUME?
• CONTRACTION• PRELOAD• AFTERLOAD
ECHO!!!
CONCLUSIONS
THANK YOU
• QUESTIONS ?
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