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Hemispheres UnitedOld World & New World
Come Together
Critical Intro.
Make a strong argument for
which explorer made the most
significant contribution/discovery.
2
Critical Intro.
Write an 8-10 line poem
highlighting the “Technology in
Navigation”
3
Critical Intro.
Work with your partner.
Write a thesis comparing racial
divisions in Central and South
America vs. that of North
America.
4
Critical Intro.
How did the Spanish and
Portuguese exploration goals
and strategies compare?
5
Exploration
• Exploration before the late fifteenth century was largely limited to land travel.
• Ships were used on the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean trade routes for centuries, but they were linked up to land routes through Persia, Arabia, northern Africa, or central Asia on the Silk Road.
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I. Transoceanic Reconnaisance – leads to new discoveries.A. Ming China
1. Admiral Zheng He explores Indian Ocean for China2. Ming then pull back from oceanic trade.
I. Transoceanic Reconnaisance – leads to new discoveries.B. Portuguese
1. Navigation school2. W. African exploration3. Establish global trading posts
I. Transoceanic Reconnaisance – leads to new discoveries.C. Spanish
1. Seeking western route/cross Atlantic2. Competition w/Portugal
I. Transoceanic Reconnaisance – leads to new discoveries.D. Oceania & Polynesia
1. Not dramatically affected2. Infrequent European reconnaissance
II. The Spanish Empire in AmericaA. Conquistadors (conquerors) defeat Aztec and Incas.
1. 1519 - Hernan Cortes + 600 soldiers march into Mexico to Aztec capital.
a. Moctezuma taken prisoner, killed in Aztec counterattackb. Spanish gained support of Aztec rivals.c. Aztec empire falls to Cortes & Span.
2. Francisco Pizarro led Spanish soldiers to Andes Mts.a. Spaniards capture Incan leader Atahualpa b. Atahualpa agrees to fill rooms with gold to gain
freedomc. Spanish break promise; baptize & strangle
Atahualpad. 1540 - Spanish control Incan Empire
Pizarro
3. Why Spanish success? “Guns, Germs, Steel”a. Devastating impact of smallpox & other diseases on native pop. b. Guns, horsesc. Steels swords/armor
Critical Intro.
• Write a paragraph describing the
relationship between:
– Commercial Revolution or Commercialization
– Mercantilism
– Joint-Stock companies
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Critical Intro.
North American vs.
Caribbean/Brazilian Colonies
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In which colonies was there more racial
mixing?
What is an explanation for this?
In which colonies was there a higher degree
of racism? More racial segregation?
Evidence of that?
With a partner or two, write a paragraph addressing the following questions.
Triangular TradePattern of trade between Europe, Africa and
the Americas
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Middle Passage
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Triangle Trade
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The Middle
Passage:
Slaves from
Africa brought
to the New
World
Slave ship on “Middle Passage”
Slave ship on “Middle Passage”
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Treaty of TordesillasTreaty of Tordesillas:Divided new lands between Spain and Portugal
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III. Iberian (Spain & Portugal) Colonial OrganizationA. Spanish & Portugal take control of lands conquistadors claimed
1. Spain divided “New Spain” possessions into 4 Viceroyalties w/capitals at Mexico City & Lima, Peru.2. Portugal established Viceroyalty of Brazil.3. Each Viceroyalty controlled by a governor/Viceroy (King’s rep. in the New World)4. Audiencias = special courts to review Viceroy decisions, monitor administration of territories.
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B. Catholic Jesuits and Franciscans moved into countryside
1. Encourage conversions2. Establish churches in rural areas3. Care for the poor4. Many priests become sympathetic to abuses
against Amerindians.
IV. The Colonial Economy in Latin AmericaA. Spanish set up silver mines in Mex. & Peru and plantations throughout Viceroyalties.
B. Required large labor force of native workers1. Spanish = Encomienda System
a. Natives forced to work for Spanish in exchange for care and conversion.
2. In Peru, Spanish used old Inca Mit’a System3. Mit’a System = 1/7 of males working at all times.4. Both systems fail because disease deaths5. Reliance on imported African slaves increased6. Slavery becomes race-based!
C. Impact of Spanish Silver Mines1. Spain = one of wealthiest nations2. Stimulated Spanish-American economy3. Manila Galleons = Span. ships carrying silver across Pacific from Acapulco Mexico to Manila Philippines
a. Exchanged silver for Asian luxury goods 4. Big impact on world economy
a. increased global flow of silver; stimulated tradeb. Downside =Caused European inflation
D. Portuguese Sugar Plantations in Brazil1. relied on slave labor; native at first, then eventually, imported African slaves2. Africans; more resistant to disease = better investment3. Portuguese will import more slaves than any other country.
E. Cash Crops drive investment and economies1. Cash crops = crop produced for profit/exportnot consumption by grower2. Examples:
a. sugar in Brazil & Caribbeanb. tobacco in Virginia & Carolinasc. cotton in southern N. Amer.
V. Society in Colonial Latin AmericaA. Greatest social division was between Europeans & Amerindians
Peninsulares
Span./Port.
CreolesSpan./Port
Mestizos(European &
Amerindian)
Mulattoes(European &
African)
Amerindians and Blacks
Born in Old World – 1st
administrators
Born in New World
- eventually dominate
politics & economy
VI. The Columbian ExchangeA. Global diffusion of crops, humans, animals & disease following exploratory voyagesB. Vast changes in:
1. Natural Environmenta. Clearing New World lands for monoculture(single crop) plantation systemb. herds of imported animals (cattle, horses, pigs, sheep) destroy landsc. Horse = important new animal; changed travel, hunting, warfare.
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2. Healtha. Disease killed 50-90% of Amerindiansb. Corn, potatoes improved diets in Old Worldc. tobacco changed European lifestyles/habits
3. Demographicsa. Amerindian pop. decreasedb. Natives replaced by mixed groupsc. Old World pop. increased (corn, potatoes)
Triangle Trade or“Great Circuit”
N. Amer.
S. Amer.
Africa
Europe
Caribbean
Directions: Use reading to illustrate AND annotate
the Triangle Trade. Annotations should provide
thorough explanations of & for the three portions of
the trade route.
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The European Age of Discovery
God, Gold and Glory
Factors contributing to
the European discovery
of lands in the Western
Hemisphere
Demand for gold, spices, and natural
resources in Europe
Innovations of European and
Islamic origins in navigational arts
Pioneering role of Prince Henry the
Navigator
Support for the diffusion of ChristianityPolitical and economic competition
between European empires.
In other words:
In other words:
In other words:
In other words:In other words:
The Sternpost Rudder- invented in China during the Han Dynasty- allowed for better navigation of shipsLateen Sails- allowed the ships to sail in any direction regardless of the windAstrolabe- portable navigation device- measures the distance of the sun and stars above the horizonNew & Improved Maps – Cartographers (map makers) created more accurate and reliable maps enabling more predictable, safer and efficient journeys.
Three-Masted Caravels- these larger ships employed
larger sails and could hold provisions for longer
journeys
Magnetic Compass- borrowed from the Chinese,
through trade with Arabs, allowed sailors to determine
direction of land without staying in sight of land
Technology of Exploration
My Exploration Poem/Song
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Commercial Revolution and Mercantilism
European
trading posts
along coast of
Africa
Trade in gold,
ivory, slaves &
other resources
Colonization by small
groups of merchants &
Trade Companies: Joint-
Stock companies
facilitating trade in foreign
lands. Eventually gain
administrative and military
power in regions.
Dutch East India Company
(Spice Islands)
British East India Company
(India)
European
colonization
Americas
Mercantilism:
An economic practice
adopted by European
powers in an effort to
become self-sufficient;
based on the theory that
colonies existed for the
benefit of the mother
country
Commercial Revolution:
•European maritime nations
competed for overseas markets,
colonies & resources
•A new economic system
emerged
•New money & banking
systems were created
•Economic practices such
as mercantilism evolved
•Colonial economies were
limited by the economic
needs of the mother
country
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Mercantilism Model
Summarization: Use the illustrations above to summarize, in your own words, the theory of Mercantilism.
43
44
Portugal: Vasco da Gama
France: Jacques CartierEngland: Francis Drake
Spain: Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese)
Spain: Christopher ColumbusEarly Explorers
45
Portugal: Vasco da Gama
46
Spain: Christopher Columbus
47
Portugal : Ferdinand Magellan
48
England: Francis Drake
49
France: Jacques Cartier
50
North American
vs. Central &
South American
Colonies
51
Spanish Conquest of Aztec & IncaLED by four horsemen in full armour, the small column of Spanish
infantry, with their leader, Hernan Cortes, and further horsemen in the
rear, marched along the narrow causeway across the shallows of
Lake Texcoco. They were heading for the walled towers of the
entrance to Tenochtitlan, the mighty capital of the Mexica; as we now
call them, the Aztecs.
There Cortes and his 250 men met their target: Moctezuma, the Aztec
ruler, bedecked with a splendid feather head-dress, richly-decorated
mantle and gold-soled sandals encrusted with jewels. A generation
after Colombus had landed in Hispaniola, the Spaniards in 1519 had
penetrated to the heart of the most populous and wealthiest
civilisation in the Americas.
How did Moctezuma’s appearance further motivate the
conquistadors?
For three months, as the Spaniards came inland, Moctezuma had
been paralysed by indecision: how should he handle them? He
was constrained by custom, religion and superstition. In Aztec
Mexico, ambassadors (as Cortes falsely claimed to be) were
entitled to hospitality; war was ritualised, and normally began only
after elaborate diplomacy.
The conquistadors played by different rules. After being lodged in
one of Tenochtitlan’s whitewashed palaces, they imprisoned their
host, and killed hundreds of unarmed nobles. Led by
Cuauhtemoc, Moctezuma’s nephew, the Aztecs rallied. Though
reinforced, the Spaniards were besieged, then routed as they
fled. They were soon back, and laid siege in turn. By August
1521, they were masters of a ruined city, its population cut to a
third of its pre-war 200,000.
How did custom compromise Aztec defenses?
A decade later, an even smaller Spanish force similarly struck the second great
American empire of this millennium, that of the Incas. Francisco Pizarro too followed
a code different from that of his opponents. He invited Atahualpa, the Inca ruler, to
the Spanish camp in Cajamarca, in today’s northern Peru, and then ordered an
attack against the mostly unarmed Inca escorts. The Incas stripped temples of their
gold wall-plates and ornaments to pay the ransom for Atahualpa’s release. The
Spaniards melted down 11 tonnes of gold objects, and then, after a hasty “trial”, killed
him.
How was Pizarro’s method similar to Cortes’?
Here too they faced resistance for almost a year. Indeed, the fierce topography of the
Andes made the conquest of some areas difficult. But by the 1540s, Spain had
conquered the main population centres of Central America and western South
America. The Portuguese would penetrate Brazil far more slowly. Similarity between
Aztec & Inca reaction?
Why the Spanish Conquistadors WonThe Spaniards won because they had better tactics—Aztecs in battle tried to
capture, not kill, their opponents—and technology. Horses, mastiffs and guns
terrified Aztecs and Incas armed with slings, stonetipped clubs and spears
(though Inca archers did better). The Spaniards had two other crucial
advantages. One was the diseases they had brought: the Aztec forces in the
battle for Tenochtitlan were ravaged by smallpox. The second arose from the
internal weaknesses of the two native-American empires. Sum up “Why?” in
3-5 words
Both empires had a weak point: their resentful subject peoples.
The Aztecs extracted tribute from these, and worse: over time,
mass human sacrifice came to occupy a central place in Aztec
religion, an instrument of control in what had become a reign of
terror. The Incas were less given to human sacrifice, but exacted
labour service. Cortes found ready allies: the Totonacs of
Mexico’s gulf coast and others supplied him with several
thousand troops and bearers, as well as food. And Pizarro found
the Inca empire riven by civil war after the death (probably from
smallpox) of Atahualpa’s father. In your own words, reasons
& impacts of the “Internal Weaknesses”
Greed, faith and killing
Why were the Spaniards there? In part, for profit and precious metals. (“I and my
companions suffer from a disease of the heart that can be cured only with gold,” Cortes
told envoys of Moctezuma.) But they were also driven by the militant Catholicism forged
in the centuries-long campaign to drive Islam from Spain. In 1493 a Spanish pope had
granted Castile exclusive right of conquest in the Americas, west of the Portuguese
possessions, and with it the obligation to convert the inhabitants to Christianity. 2 main
reasons for conquest?
The conquistadors did both, appallingly. To cow their subjects, Cortes and others,
sometimes abetted by priests, on occasion massacred civilians, or burned them alive.
The indigenes died from war, disease, overwork and hunger caused by the disruption of
their traditional farming. Estimates of Mexico’s population on the eve of the conquest
range from 12m to 25m; by 1568, it was under 3m. Peru had 9m people in 1532, under
1.5m in 1570. Generally speaking, impact on native population?
The Spaniards often left local rulers in place, while extracting tribute and labour service
from the shrunken native peoples. They found their own freedom of action limited by
royal officials and judges, and at times by conscience-stricken churchmen such as
Bartolome de las Casas, a landholder turned Dominican friar. The first law to protect the
“Indians” was brought in in 1542.
Why do you think African slaves will be brought to the Americas?
Differing
Aspect
Description of Difference Analysis: Reason for/Impact of
Difference
Plantation Societies of Brazil and Caribbean vs. Southern Colonies in British North America
Thesis: How did plantation societies of Brazil and the Caribbean differ from those of southern colonies in British North America?
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Differing
Aspect
Description of Difference Analysis: Reason for/Impact of
Difference
British Settler Colonies in North America vs. Counterparts in Latin America
Thesis: What distinguished the British settler colonies of North America from their counterparts in Latin America?
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