1.Ovulation disorder Ovulation- monthly release of an egg

PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE- the woman’s ovaries stop working before she is 40 yr. old.

POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME(PCOS)-having high level of androgen.This is also called Stein-Leventhal Syndrome

HYPERPROLACTINEMIA-if prolactin levels are high and the woman is not pregnant or breastfeeding it may affect ovulation.

POOR EGG QUALITY-eggs that are damaged or develop genetic abnormalities.

2.PROBLEMS IN THE UTERUS OR FALLOPIAN TUBES DUE TO:SURGERYSUBMUCOSAL FIBROIDS-benign or non

cancerous tumors found in the muscular wall of the uterus.

ENDOMETRIOSIS-cells that are normally found within the lining of the uterus start growing elsewhere in the body

3.PREVIOUS STERILIZATION TREATMENT4.MEDICATIONS-some drugs can affect fertility of a

woman. these include:

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)

CHEMOTHEREPY

5.RADIOTHERAPY

6.ILLEGAL DRUGS

SEMEN-refers to the milky fluid that a man’s penis releases during orgasm. It consists of fluid and sperm.

SEMEN PROBLEMS1. No sperm

2. Low sperm mobility(motility)-the sperm can

not “swim” as well as it should.

3. Abnormal Sperm-if the sperm morphology

(structure) and motility (movement) are

wrong it is less likely to reach the egg and

fertilize it. Abnormal sperm may be due:

a.testicular infection

b.testicular cancer

c.testicular surgery

d.Overheating the testicles

4.Ejaculation disorders

5.Varicocele-this is the varicose vein in the scrotum that may cause sperm to over heat.

6.Hypogonadism- testosterone deficiency.

7.Genetic abnormality- a man should have X and Y chromosome. If he has 2 X chromosomes and 1 Y chromosomes it is called Klinefelter’s Syndrome.

8.Mumps- can inflammation to the testicles that may affect sperm production.

9.Hypospadias-the urethral opening is at the underside of the penis instead of its tip.

10.Cystic Fibrosis - chronic disease that affects organs such us liver lungs pancreas and intestines.

11. Undescended testicle- one or both testicles fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum during the fetal development.

11. Some Diseases Anemia

Cushing Syndrome

Diabetes

Thyroid diseases

12.Medication

Sulfasalazine- given to patient with rheumatoid arthritis

Anabolic steroids-taken by body builders and athletes

Chemotherapy

13.Illegal Drugs