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Hardware: Processors and CPUs
Kenny Yang
What is a Processor?
-inputs outputs-software instructions to useful information-central processing unit (CPU)
Transistor-silicon-voltage controlled-on/off-smallest size: 2000=human hair
Transistor-N and P (NPN shown)-voltage input at gate-flow=1, no flow=0-combine transistors
Integrated Circuit-enhance power of transitor-mass production-before circuit, wires-store and process bits and bytes
CPU-condenses chips and circuits into microprocessor-controls the whole computer-chips onto wafer
CPU-components-control unit: coordinator-arithmetic/logic unit (ALU): logic-registers: bytes in process
CPU-components-cache: temp storage area, boosts speed-clock speed: internal clock in GHz-overclocking
RAM-random access memory-works with CPU-not enough-slow-temporary storage area to work with apps
ROM-read-only memory-permanent storage-fixed circuit states
Video Memory-graphics support-buffer between microprocessor and display-may have graphics processing unit (GPU) to assist CPU
Motherboard-connects all the components-slots for microprocessor, RAM, ROM, video card, extensions-form controls size of computer
Bus-connects components of motherboard-speed impacts CPU performance-front side bus (FSB) feeds instructions to CPU
Machine Cycle-organizes processing instructions-4 steps:
-record location-fletching from RAM-decode-send to ALU
Multiprocessing-multiple processors-parallel processing: divide work-graphic rendering-save time
Multicore-multiple CPUs on one chip-increased speed-slower clock speed
Moore’s Law-Gordon Moore’s prediction-more is better-law will eventually end
New Technologies-High k-materials: smaller than silicon-Optical computing: light waves-3D processing: vertical and horizontal
New Technologies-quantum computing: quantum mechanics-DNA computing: nanotech, DNA< enzymes, 100,000x PC speed
Summary-instruction translation-transistors-CPU-components held on motherboard-rate of advancement