Gupta and Mughal dynasty

Gupta and MughalDynasties

A History of India

OverviewA Timeline

Taken from: thetoursofindia.com

Timeline

I. Pre-Gupta1. Late Vedic Period (800 – 500 BC)2. Nanda Dynasty (500 – 321 BC)3. Mauryan Dynasty (321 – 185 BC)4. Sunga Dynasty (185 – 73 BC)5. Rise of the Kushan (73 BC – 320 CE)

Timeline

II. Gupta Dynasty1. Rise of the Gupta (320 – 415 CE)2. Classical Period of India 3. Great Rulers of the Gupta 4. Fall of the Gupta (415 – 540 CE)

Timeline

III. Assimilation of Islam into India1. Harsha (7th century CE)2. Chola Dynasty (850 – 1175)3. Rise of Delhi Sultanate (1175 – 1206)4. Slave Dynasty (1206 – 1290)5. Expansion to the South (1299 – 1324)6. Fall of Delhi Sultanate (1324 – 1526) 7. Deccani Sultanate (15th century CE)

Timeline

IV. Mughal Dynasty1. Rise of the Mughals (1527 – 1530) 2. Islamic Period of India 3. Great Rulers of the Mughal4. Fall of the Mughal (1707 – 1857)

GAME!

Goals: To be able to enjoy the study of India’s historyTo be able to learn the value of decision-makingHow to win the game: Earn the most number of resource points and become the dominating clan in the region

Mechanics

Preparations: Class divides into five clans. Each clan

must have a name. The clan will elect a brahmin and

kshatriya. The clan must prepare pieces of paper

(1/4 pad) on which their brahmin will write their clan’s decisions.

Each clan is given 50 RPs (resource pts.) to start the game.

Mechanics

Decision-Making: For each segment in India’s history,

there will be given scenarios and each clan has to make a decision in response to the scenario

If, according to history, the decision made by a clan is the correct response to the scenario, they earn 25 RPs. Otherwise, they lose 25 RPs

Mechanics

Decision-Making: After each scenario is shown, their will be

choices to guide the clans. The clans will then pick their decision from the given choices

The brahmin, having the ability to communicate with the gods, will write their choice on the piece of paper and give it to Garuda, king of the birds

Garuda will collect the decisions of the clans and declare which clans received the favor of the gods and thus 10 RPs and which clans did not

Mechanics

Blessings and Curses: The clans that make the right

decisions will have to send their kshatriya to try their luck in the Box

The Box contains blessings and curses

Blessings and curses may affect the clan that picked it or all the clans or none at all

Blessings and curses may be picked more than once

Mechanics

Expansion: Expansion can be achieved by upgrading

your clan’s defenses 50 RPs is required for every upgrade can only be done if the clan made the

right decision there will be a maximum of five upgrades Only one upgrade at a time Expansion makes your clan harder to

dominate

Mechanics

Domination: Domination can be achieved by eliminating

another clan from the game A clan can only eliminate another if:

The clan has more than a 50 RP lead from its target

The target was unable to make the right decision when the clan decides to eliminate it

The clan receives half the RPs of the clan it eliminates

Only one clan can be eliminated per scenario

Mechanics

Redemption: A clan that has been eliminated will

continue to make decisions (limbo) If the clan makes the right decision, they

may return to the game However, the target cannot regain the

points lost to the dominating clan after redemption

There are blessing and curse cards that also resurrect clans from the dead

A clan may be eliminated and redeemed more than once

Mechanics

Victory, etc.: Victory is declared by the clan with

the most number of RPs by the end of the game

No tiebreakers Upgrades are not converted back to

RPs at the end of the game At the end of each scenario, the

clans that made the right decision can choose to either Expand, Dominate, or Pass

LET THE GAMES BEGIN!

Taken from: memegenerator.net

Pre – Gupta

Taken from: aratta.wordpress.com

Rise of the Mahajanapadas

Literally means “great (maha) foothold of a tribe (janapada)”

Small kingdoms or states that rose to power mostly in northern India

Frequently in conflict for resources or territory

Mentioned in Buddhist and Jain literature

By 500 BC, there were 16 mahajanapadas

Rise of the Mahajanapadas Second major rise in urbanization after IVC A divided, warring India vulnerability as

a whole Shift from tribal democracy to monarchy

(with a representative, elderly assembly called a Gana-Parishad)

increased prosperity due to increased trade locally and internationally

Rulers had coins minted from different metals

formation of guilds lead to formation of sub-castes


Foreign Influences: India was invaded by the Persians

and the Greeks and influenced each other’s cultures Persians to Indians – Araminc form of

writing and trade Indians to Persians – Buddha meets

Zoroaster Greeks to Indians – trade, introduced

money, guilds, and influenced Mauryan art

Indians to Greeks – Indian history


Magadha: Found in northeastern India (present-day Bihar) By 600 – 400 BC, became the most powerful

mahajanapada Ruled by the Haryankas, Sisunagas, and the

Nandas Characterized by an efficient adminstration and

a strong army In a strategic position in the Ganges valley

(linked to ports along Ganges river area and aided the trade routes)

Where Buddha was born

Scenario 1

Magadha has just risen to become a major power player in India.

Rajgiri, the first capital of MagadhaTaken from: ensyklopedia.com

Scenario 1

a) We will declare war against Magadha and seize control of the trade routes.

b) We will not form any concrete relations with the Magadha.

c) We will send diplomats to Magadha and establish an alliance.

d) We will assassinate the king of Magadha and then blame it on another mahajanapada, causing a war.

e) We will raise taxes on exports to Magadha.

Scenario 2

Alexander the Great has just invaded Punjab, in the northwest, and is fast approaching the territory of the Nanda Dynasty with his formidable army.

Porus and Alexander drawTaken from: my.chinese.cn

Scenario 2

a) We will send our warriors to join Nanda Dynasty’s army.

b) We will send our warriors to join Alexander’s army.

c) We will sell weapons and elephants to both sides.

d) We will make a treaty with Alexander the Great.

e) We will maintain a non-belligerent position in this conflict.

Mauryan Dynasty (321 – 185 BC)

Chandragupta Maurya: toppled the Nanda Dynasty seized control of Indus Valley from the

Seleucus I Nicator formed an impressive centralized system agriculture and trade flourished backed by strong military resources and

an effective secret service Jainism convert

Scenario 3

Chandragupta Maurya has just recently made a treaty with Seleucus I Nicator and has united the Indus and the Ganges. He has formed a formidable kingdom.

Chandragupta Maurya Taken from: msmonterossosfacebookpage.wikispaces.com

Chandragupta’s EmpireTaken from: en.wikipedia.org

Scenario 3

a) We will unite all the mahajanapadas and declare war on Chandragupta.

b) We will send Chandragupta tributes and build friendly relations with his kingdom.

c) We will migrate south into the Deccan.

d) We will migrate northwest to the region of the Seleucids.

e) We will begin efforts to reinstate the Nanda Dynasty.

Mauryan Dynasty (321 – 185 BC) Bindusara

little is known of his reign expanded Mauryan territory into the Deccan

Ashoka brought empire to greatest extent after

seizing the Kalinga region in the east promoted the arts and sciences Buddhism convert and sent missionaries

througout Asia his edicts are inscribed on rocks and pillars

throughout South Asia

Mauryan Dynasty (321 – 185 BC) Fall of the Mauryan Dynasty

subsequent rulers lost territories and prestige

squabbles began over succession last Mauryan emperor Brihadratha was

assassinated by his general and chief aide, Pusyamitra

Scenario 4

Ashoka has just come back from the bloody war of Kalinga. After all the bloodshed he has witnessed, he gathers the clans in his kingdom to plan his next move.

Battle for KalingaTaken from: mannaismayaadventure.com

Scenario 4

a) We will support him in his campaign of conquest of India.

b) We will advise him to convert to Buddhism.

c) We will not give him any advice. d) We will advise him to hand over his

throne to a steward while he takes a break.

e) We will take this opportunity to seize control of the throne while he is weakened by the war.

Pre-Gupta (185 BC – 320 CE) Sunga Dynasty is established by

Pusyamitra but doesn’t last for long India revisits its chaotic, divided pre-

Mauryan history Small kingdoms rise in northern India led

by “Indo-Greek” rulers, like Menander, who becomes somewhat a Buddhist saint

They were replaced by the Kushans from Central Asia who ruled northern India with Ayodhya as their capital

Scenario 5

Sunga Dynasty falls, and India is once again fragmented. However, the Bactrian leaders have declared independence from their Seleucid overlords and are now seizing control of northern India.

Scenario 5

a) We will make a treaty with the Bactrians.

b) We will conquer as much territory as possible before the Bactrians do.

c) We will rebuild the Mauryan kingdom and challenge the Bactrians.

d) We will maintain a non-belligerent stance and allow the Bactrians to invade India.

e) We will convince the Seleucids to send their armies to crush the Bactrians.

Gupta Dynasty

Gupta Dynasty (320 – 540 CE)

Rise of the Gupta Dynasty: Rich family from Magadha that rose to

power Dynasty was founded by Chandra Gupta

I expanded militarily or through marriage Pataliputra, in Magadha, became the

capital By 380, its territory had taken up much

of northern India but could not match the gains of the Mauryan kingdom

marked the beginning of Golden Age of India

Scenario 6

Chandra Gupta has plans of annexing your territories into his kingdom. His forces have grown strong and mighty.

Queen Kumaradevi and King Chandra Gupta I on a coinTaken from: en.wikipedia.org

Scenario 6

a) War it is, then. b) We will send our most beautiful girl

for him to marry. c) We will flee and find refuge in the

south. d) We will submit ourselves willingly

into his domain.e) We will promise to send him tribute

in exchange for our freedom.


Classical Period of India: Golden Age of India period of cultural development, peace,

and economic prosperity Fa Xian/Hien, a Chinese pilgrim,

described “beautiful cities, fine hospital and universities, and a content and prosperous people”

evidences: coins, pillars, and texts throughout the period

Scenario 7

Hindu converts are starting to flood your staunch Buddhist clan.

Scenario 7

a) It is not necessary to take any action on this matter.

b) We will all convert to Hinduism. c) We will massacre all the Hindu

converts to discourage any Hindu revival in our clan.

d) We will convince the Hindu converts to convert to Buddhism.

e) We will adopt a policy of religious tolerance.


Cultural development ▪ revival of interest in Hinduism; slight decline

in Jainism and Buddhism ▪ classic image of Buddha was developed ▪ Peak of Sanskrit language and literature ▪ Artistic temple architecture and sculpture▪ Magnificent works of art: ▪ sculpted friezes at Udayagiri caves by Jain and

Buddhist monks ▪ Painted Ajanta caves ▪ Sarnath Buddha ▪ Deogarh Dashavatara Temple panels

Udayagiri Caves Taken from: flickriver.com


Advances in natural sciences ▪ decimal system was devised with zero placeholder▪ accuracy of Pi to the fourth decimal place ▪ Symbols of 1 to 9 were devised ▪ Proposal that Earth was round not flat▪ Surgical operations were performed

Professional army ▪ Utilized war elephants, chariots, and bows to great

effect▪ Disciplined and heavily armed foot soldiers ▪ Had a naval force


Social Life ▪ Professions determined by caste, though not

strictly▪ Adoption was looked down upon▪ Men dominated family and society▪ Women were respected in society, idealized

in literature, and given a certain amount of education▪ Gambling, animal fighting, wrestling, and

athletics were common pastimes ▪ Education was provided by Hindus and

Buddhists; universities were sponsored by Gupta kings


Economic Activities▪ Textile industry (silk, muslin, calico, linen,

wool, and cotton)▪ Pack animals and ox carts were used to

transport goods on land; Indian ships were used on water▪ Emergence of guilds signified progress in

industry and trade ▪ Agriculture remained an important industry ▪ Buddhist Church participated in economic

activities▪ Money was in circulation


Rulers of Gupta Dynasty: efficient conquerors and administrators 1. Chandra Gupta I▪ Third ruler of Magadha ▪ First empire-builder; used military tactics and

marriage (to Kumaradevi)

2. Samudragupta ▪ Conquered many territories without much effort ▪ Characterized by discoveries in natural sciences ▪ “Indian Napoleon”


3. Chandra Gupta II / Vikramaditya▪ “legendary” king of India ▪ conquered the peninsula of Saurashtra ▪ established sea ports to facilitate trade and

commerce▪ most number of coins found from his reign

4. Kumaragupta I ▪ united India as a single entity▪ was able to ward off the Hephthalites from

the north

Scenario 8

Hephthalites have begun to invade Gupta territory. Clans have been requested to send their best soldiers to the border.

Hephthalites invading Gupta Taken from: hunzatours.com

Scenario 8

a) We will make an alliance with the Hephthalites and betray the Gupta army.

b) We will break away from the Gupta empire.

c) We will send all our soldiers and put all our resources to stopping the White Huns.

d) We will surrender to the Hephthalites.

e) We will offer resources but will not send our soldiers to war.


Fall of the Gupta Dynasty: 5. Skandagupta▪ repulsed attacks from the Hephthalites ▪ Drained his kingdom’s resources and

contributed to its decline Guptas pulled back to their homeland

after the attacks of the Hephthalites (White Huns)

India returned to being a patchwork of small kingdoms

Assimilation of Islam into India

Scenario 9

The Hephthalites have defeated the army of the Gupta empire. India is once again fragmented into small kingdoms.

Scenario 9

a) We will seize the opportunity to start our own dynasty.

b) We will reinstate the Gupta Dynasty. c) We will hunt down the Hephthalites

and massacre them. d) We will not pursue any acts of

aggression. e) We will start a war between the

kingdoms that will ensure profit, no matter the outcome.

Post – Gupta (600 – 1100 CE) Harsha (7th century CE) built a vast

kingdom but after his death it fragmented

Chola Dynasty (850 – 1200) ruled all of southern India and was a crucial staging post for Chinese and Arabic merchant ships

Arab traders slowly introduce Islam to the region by the 8th century

Muslim armies from Persia and Ghazni (Afghanistan) attacked the region from 8th – 11th centuries

Scenario 10

Arab traders start preaching Islam to your clan.

Scenario 10

a) Send the Arab traders back home. b) Let them be. c) Kill the Arab traders. d) Declare a trade embargo against

the Arabs.e) Punish all those who convert to

Islam.

Scenario 11

Muhammad of Ghur, a Muslim nomad, has come with an army to invade India. The other kingdoms are requesting an alliance against Muhammad.

Muhammad of GhurTaken from: hunzatours.com

Scenario 11

a) Join the alliance. b) Make an alliance with Muhammad. c) Be a non-belligerent.d) All convert to Islam.e) Flee to the south.

Delhi Sultanate (1175 – 1256)

Muhammad of Ghur Nomad who invaded India from present-

day Afghanistan His centralized army, mostly horsemen,

defeated the bigger and richer Indian armies

His armies sacked Delhi in 1193 and swept through most of South Asia

Scenario 12

Qutb-ud-din Aibek builds the Qutb Minar – the tallest minaret – to symbolize India’s assimilation into the Muslim world.

Qutb MinarTaken from: monuments.ws

Scenario 12

a) So what? b) Build a taller minaret.c) Build a monument beside the

minaret dedicated to our sultanate’s power.

d) Destroy the Qutb Minar. e) Aibek should be assassinated – he’s

only the chief aide Muhammad. Plus, he was an ex-slave.


Qutb-ud-din Aibek One of Muhammad’s generals and ex-

slave Established Delhi Sultanate Qutb Minar – tallest minaret built – to

symbolize assimilation of India into Muslim world

Sultans built grand monuments around the Qutb Minar to demonstrate power


Slave Dynasty Military slaves and women became sultans (Iltutmish in 1211 and Razia Sultana in 1236) Succession to Sultanate was violent, at least 5

of 11 sultans assassinated Imperial authority grew stronger as “divine

right of kings” was propagated by refugees from Baghdad fleeing from Mongols

Sultans based law on pragmatism (practicality) rather than Shariah law

Religious tolerance

Scenario 13

Your clan’s leader has become Sultan of Delhi. He has become the target of other sultans who think he doesn’t deserve his position.

Scenario 13

a) Assassinate all the other sultans before they assassinate our leader.

b) Replace the sultans with loyal governors.

c) Send gifts to the other sultans to appease them.

d) Tell our leader to flee from Delhi. e) Intimidate the sultans with a display

of power by expanding our territory.

Scenario 14

Southern kingdoms of the Deccan plains have stopped paying tribute to your sultanate.

Scenario 14

a) Send an army to crush them all. b) Loot their kingdoms. c) Replace their kings with loyal

governors. d) Lower the amount of tribute to be

paid. e) Increase the amount of tribute to be

paid by the other provinces under our rule.


Expansion to the South Sultan Alauddin Khilji launched

successful military campaigns against southern kingdoms

Malik Kafur, Alauddin’s favorite slave, was sent on raids to Deccan plateau in 1311

In 1321, Sultan Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq sent his son Muhammad to annex southern kingdoms▪ Southern kingdoms had stopped paying

tribute▪ Kings were replaced with loyal governors

Scenario 15

The southern kingdoms have recently successfully seceded from the Sultanate. The formidable Mongol army, led by Timur, also threatens to invade your Sultanate.

Scenario 15

a) Launch a campaign to regain the Southern provinces.

b) Concentrate all forces at Delhi to prepare for a Mongol invasion.

c) Halt the advance of the Mongol forces.

d) Move the capital away from Delhi. e) Make a treaty with the Mongol

forces to spare Delhi.


Fall of Delhi Sultanate Capital was moved to Devagiri but returned

to Delhi because of inadequate water supply Victory of governors of Deccan provinces in

1347 Establishment of Bahmani kingdom Mongol warrior Timur (descendant of Genghis

Khan) sacks Delhi, ending its dominance in the region

Ibrahim Lodi’s defeat at Panipat marked the end of the Delhi Sultanate

Deccani Sultanates

Bahmani kingdom in the south fragmented into five sultanates

In 1565, united to defeat the Vijayanagar Empire, a common rival in Southern India

Mughal Dynasty

Scenario 16

You were recently exiled from your home. You have supporters willing to die for you and know that India has fragmented into weak kingdoms.

Scenario 16

a) Relax in exile. b) Take revenge on those who exiled

me. c) Migrate to another kingdom where I

can find refuge. d) Start a campaign to conquer India. e) Build my own kingdom in exile.

Mughal Dynasty (1527 – 1857)

Rise of the Mughal Dynasty: Babur, descendant of Timur, was exiled

from his home by Uzbek Shaibani Khan Babur seized Kabul in 1504 and moved

to India He defeated Ibrahim Lodi in Panipat and

Rajput King at Kanua in 1527 He consolidated Mughal rule over most

of northern India from his capital at Agra by 1530


Islamic Age of India Mughal (Persian for Mongol) Imperial power in the subcontinent Continued the assimilation of Islam into

the region India enjoyed relative cultural and

economic progress


Mughal influences in Indian culture▪ Characterized by unique architecture of Mughals(Taj Mahal, Hamayun’s Tomb, Agra and Lahore

Fort) ▪ Centralised, imperialistic government▪ Persian art and culture + Indian art and culture▪ Trade routes opened to Arab and Turkish lands▪ Mughlai cuisine▪ Landscape gardening▪ Development of Urdu language (national

language of Pakistan)

Taj MahalTaken from: rajivawijesinha.wordpress.com


Advances in natural science: ▪ Mughal astronomers continued to make

advances in observational astronomy▪ Hamayun built a personal observatory in

Delhi▪ Instruments and techniques derived from

Muslim tradition▪ Invention of seamless celestial globe ▪ Sake Dean Mahomed used Mughal alchemy to

understand how shampoo was made and served as shampooing surgeon to Kings George IV and William IV


Mughal society ▪ Creation of road systems and uniform

currency▪ Key industry: shipbuilding for trade and

maintaining their small fleet▪ Maktabs (elementary schools) were built in

every province ▪ Influence of caste system slowly diminished ▪ Social ladder mainly consisted of the nobility

at the top, merchants and professionals at the middle, and peasants at the bottom

Scenario 17

Foreigners arrive in large ships bearing the flag of an East India Trading Company.

East India Trading Company FlagTaken from: forums.taleworlds.com

Scenario 17

a) Blockade their ships on port and have them all imprisoned.

b) Kill the strange men and burn their strange ships.

c) It’s a normal day for trading.d) Trade with them but report their

presence to the Mughal emperor. e) Trade with them but blast their

ships as they leave.


Economic activities ▪ Mainly agriculture, trade, and shipbuilding▪ Millets, oilseeds, cereals, hemp, chili,

sugarcane, cotton, indigo, betel, and others▪ Textile industry flourished ▪ Transport and communication systems

improved ▪ Influx of European Traders (EIC) improved

economy▪ Monetized economy

Scenario 18

Hamayun, son of Babur, loses his father’s Mughal acquisitions in India to the Afghan ruler Sher Shah Sur and is exiled to the Safavid court at Persia.

Scenario 18

a) Declare war on Sher Shah Sur. b) Advise Sher Shah Sur to build up his

defenses in case Hamayun returns. c) Offer our help to Hamayun for his

return in secret. d) Have Hamayun killed before he

reaches the Safavid court. e) Have Sher Shah Sur killed before he

reaches Agra.


Rulers of Mughal Dynasty: 1. Babur ▪ founded the Mughal Dynasty after his exile▪ ruled most of northern India from his capital at

Agra by 1530

2. Hamayun▪ 1540, he loses his father’s gains to Afghan ruler

Sher Shah Sur ▪ Exiled to the Safavid court at Persia▪ 1555, with Persian support, he restores Mughal

rule by defeating Sher Shah Sur’s weaker descendants

Mughal Dynasty (1527 – 1857) 3. Akbar▪ ruled with Bairam Khan because he was too young (12

yrs. Old) when he came to power▪ built fortresses all over northern India ▪ established centralised government administered by

warrior – aristocrats (mansabdars) ▪ Adopted religious tolerance and married women of

different faiths ▪ Reduced influence of Muslim scholars ▪ Patronized north Indian classical music and invited

famed singer and musician, Tansen, to his court▪ established a school of Mughal painting ▪ By 1605, his acquisitions reached from Kasmir to the

north, Deccan to the south, Afghanistan to the west, and Bengal to the east


4. Jahangir▪ Resented being overshadowed by father’s

achievements▪ Married Nur Jahan, who became the real ruler of

the empire until the death of her husband

5. Shah Jahan▪ Known for enormous cultural projects that

became symbols of Mughal wealth▪ Projects were dependent on flourishing

agriculture and trade▪ Had Taj Mahal built in Agra for his wife, Mumtaz

Mahal, and moved the capital from Agra to Delhi

Scenario 19

You are away on an important campaign against the Marathas, but you hear news that the imperial treasury is running low. If you stop the campaign now, all your efforts will be put to waste.

Scenario 19

a) Stop the campaign. Not worth it. b) Continue the campaign. Victory will

fill up the coffers again. c) Raise taxes on all exports and all

provinces of the empire. d) The news is a lie. Kill the

messenger. e) Make a deal with the Marathas – in

exchange for the end of the hostilities, enough money to refill the treasury.


6. Aurangzeb▪ Oversaw expansion of the empire to its

largest extent ▪ Often away from capital for military

campaigns▪ Depleted treasury trying to defeat the

Marathas in the south▪ Strict implementation of Islam offended

Rajput and Hindu subjects

Scenario 20

The East India Trading Company is becoming a formidable threat to the weakening empire.

Scenario 20

a) Stop all trade with the East India Trading Company.

b) All hope is lost. c) Declare war on the East India

Trading Company. d) Secretly plan an open rebellion to

restore Mughal rule. e) Go into exile to rebuild our forces

and return to restore Mughal rule.

Mughal Dynasty (1527 – 1857) Fall of Mughal Dynasty

By 18th century, Mughal sovereignty was limited to Delhi and its hinterlands

1739, Nadir Shah sacked Delhi and seized the Mughal treasury

By early 19th century, East Indian Company expanded and eroded Mughal authority over India

1857, a final attempt to restore Mughal rule, the Indian Mutiny, failed ▪ led to the deposition of last Mughal emperor,

Bahadur Shah, II

As long as there remains the least trace of love of faith in the heart of our heroes, so long, the sword of Hindustan shall flash even at the throne of London.- Bahadur Shah II, last Mughal emperor, in his exile in Burma, 1857

Sepoy RebellionTaken from: captainnemoawesome.yolasite.com

Sources:

1. History by Adam Hart Davis (2007)2. http://www.mapsofindia.com/history/3. http://www.facts-about-india.com/mahajana

padas.php

4. http://www.livius.org/man-md/mauryas/mauryas.html

5. http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/guptas/guptas.html

6. http://www.indianmirror.com/dynasty/Guptadynasty.html

7. http://library.thinkquest.org/C006203/cgi-bin/stories.cgi?article=economy&section=history/guptas&frame=parent

8. http://www.indianetzone.com/22/social_life_gupta_age.htm

9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire#Influence_on_the_Indian_subcontinent

10. http://www.indianetzone.com/50/economy_mughal_empire.htm

http://www.mapsofindia.com/history/

http://www.facts-about-india.com/mahajanapadas.php

http://www.facts-about-india.com/mahajanapadas.php

http://www.livius.org/man-md/mauryas/mauryas.html

http://www.livius.org/man-md/mauryas/mauryas.html

http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/guptas/guptas.html

http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/guptas/guptas.html

http://www.indianmirror.com/dynasty/Guptadynasty.html

http://www.indianmirror.com/dynasty/Guptadynasty.html

http://library.thinkquest.org/C006203/cgi-bin/stories.cgi?article=economy&section=history/guptas&frame=parent



http://www.indianetzone.com/22/social_life_gupta_age.htm

http://www.indianetzone.com/22/social_life_gupta_age.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire

http://www.indianetzone.com/50/economy_mughal_empire.htm

http://www.indianetzone.com/50/economy_mughal_empire.htm

Correct Responses to Scenarios

1. C2. E3. B4. D5. B6. E7. E8. A9. B10.D

11.C12.E13.C14.B15.D16.D17.C18.B19.D