Upload
heasulli
View
30
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Citation preview
Group 5 Reflection #3:
Examining Learning Examining Learning TheoriesTheories
Eric, Rea, & Heather - P540 Learning and Cognition Fall 2007 Eric, Rea, & Heather - P540 Learning and Cognition Fall 2007
IntroductionIntroduction
Learning theories attempt to address the following questions:
ObjectivesObjectives
Upon completion of this presentation, the learner will be able to:
Define, compare, and contrast different learning theories
• Recollection • Behaviorism • Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)• Constructivism
Define Group’s 5 learning theory
RationaleRationale
• There is no single “best” learning theory.
• Each theory illuminates a different aspect of the teaching/learning process.
• Theories are influenced by worldviews.
We need a strong understanding because…
Learning TheoryLearning Theory
According to Wikipedia, a learning theory is an attempt to describe how people learn.
This presentation will cover four different types of learning theories:
1.Recollection
2.Behaviorism
3.Cognitivism
4.Constructivism
Cognitive
Behavior
Construct
Information
Performance
Knowledge
EnvironmentSocial
Development
Recollection
Innate
Learning Theories
Memory
Thinking
Thoughts
Learning Theory TimelineLearning Theory Timeline
900 B
.C S
ocra
tes – Rec
ollectio
n
1889 P
avlov – C
lassic
Co
nd
ition
ing
1938 S
kinn
er Op
erant C
on
ditio
nin
g
1966 B
run
er Disco
very Learn
ing
1971 D
eBo
no
Lateral T
hin
king
1972 C
raik/Lo
ckha
rt Th
inkin
g
Levels
1978 V
ygo
tsky So
cial Develo
pm
ent
1985 G
agn
e Co
nd
ition
s of L
earnin
g
1991 P
aivio
Du
al Co
din
g T
heo
ry
1993 G
ardn
er Mu
ltiple In
tellig
ence
1903 T
ho
rnd
ike Th
e Law
of E
ffect
1929 P
iaget G
enetic E
pisto
mo
log
y
1913 W
atson
Beh
aviorism
1978 V
ygo
tsky Zo
ne o
f Pro
ximal
1963 P
iaget D
evelop
men
tal Psych
olo
gy
1968 A
tkinso
n/S
hiffrin
Info
rmatio
n P
rocessin
g
Learning Theories:Learning Theories:
A Closer LookA Closer Look
Recollection Recollection
Important FiguresImportant Figures
• SocratesSocrates– ““Informal” TeacherInformal” Teacher– Best sources of info come Best sources of info come
from Platofrom Plato– Sought “genuine knowledge” Sought “genuine knowledge”
by discovering universal by discovering universal definitions of the key concepts definitions of the key concepts governing human life governing human life
– Sentenced to death for his Sentenced to death for his teachingsteachings
• Committed suicide by drinking Committed suicide by drinking Hemlock Hemlock
• PythagorasPythagoras
– The Pythagorean BrotherhoodThe Pythagorean Brotherhood– Harmony of the SpheresHarmony of the Spheres– Justice is four, marriage is fiveJustice is four, marriage is five– ∏∏ and the importance of and the importance of
secrecysecrecy
Pre-Socratic PhilosophyPre-Socratic Philosophy
• The SophistsThe Sophists– HerodotusHerodotus
• History & Cultural RelativismHistory & Cultural Relativism
– ProtagorusProtagorus• ““Man is the measure of all Man is the measure of all
things”things”
– Philosophy for hirePhilosophy for hire– Ancient Post-Modernism?Ancient Post-Modernism?
Pre-Socratic PhilosophyPre-Socratic Philosophy
SocratesSocrates SophistsSophists
Socrates vs. The SophistsSocrates vs. The Sophists
• Socratic MethodSocratic Method
• Development of Moral CharacterDevelopment of Moral Character
• RecallRecall
• SoulSoul
• ReincarnationReincarnation
• VirtueVirtue
• Genuine KnowledgeGenuine Knowledge
Socratic TerminologySocratic Terminology
• Critical ReasoningCritical Reasoning
• Dialectical MethodDialectical Method
• Philosophical DialoguePhilosophical Dialogue
• Critical InquiryCritical Inquiry
MechanismsMechanisms
LearningLearning Curve Graph Curve Graph
Knowledge
Birth Time
• Socrates' challenge to reflect on the soul initiated Socrates' challenge to reflect on the soul initiated the tradition of freedom in education that led to…the tradition of freedom in education that led to…
• Education for development of the human mind or Education for development of the human mind or 'soul' which led to…'soul' which led to…
• Critical Rationality or “Creative Intelligence” (i.e. Critical Rationality or “Creative Intelligence” (i.e. the “Socratic tradition”)the “Socratic tradition”)
– Freedom to cultivate intelligenceFreedom to cultivate intelligence– The spirit of inquiry runs through the entire The spirit of inquiry runs through the entire
history of philosophyhistory of philosophy– It shaped many of the modern notions of scienceIt shaped many of the modern notions of science– Holistic Education, Freedom of Thought…Holistic Education, Freedom of Thought…
Implications for EducationImplications for Education
BehaviorismBehaviorism
ImportantImportant Figures Figures
John B. Watson
• Introduced the notion of behaviorism
B.F. Skinner
• Leading proponent of Behaviorism
Ivan Pavlov
• Used classical conditioning to demonstrate respondent behavior.
Edward Thorndike
• Used his Law of Effect to demonstrate reinforcements.
Thorndike
Skinner
Pavlov
Watson
• Respondent BehaviorRespondent Behavior
• Operant BehaviorOperant Behavior
• ReinforcementsReinforcements
• Discriminative stimulus, operant Discriminative stimulus, operant response, contingent stimulusresponse, contingent stimulus
• Law of EffectLaw of Effect
• Radical BehaviorismRadical Behaviorism
TerminologyTerminology
TerminologyTerminology
• Gaining knowledge Gaining knowledge begins with the begins with the environment.environment.
• Learning occurs by Learning occurs by reacting to a stimulus.reacting to a stimulus.
• People react to satisfying People react to satisfying and aversive stimuli and aversive stimuli allowing them to affect allowing them to affect our thinking and future our thinking and future decisions. decisions.
MechanismsMechanisms
Learning Curve GraphLearning Curve Graph
Knowledge
Birth Time
• Minds can be shaped through Minds can be shaped through careful planning.careful planning.
• Continually moving toward a Continually moving toward a desired target incorporating desired target incorporating reinforces should result in reinforces should result in the desired outcome.the desired outcome.
• Management carries most Management carries most importance.importance.
• Positive and negative Positive and negative reinforcements applied to reinforcements applied to student behavior will lead to student behavior will lead to on-task behavior and on-task behavior and discourage disruptive discourage disruptive behaviors.behaviors.
Implications for EducationImplications for Education
Cognitive Information Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)Processing (CIP)
What is the CIP Theory?
• Cognitive Information Processing
• Started in the 1960s
• The basic idea was that the human mental function can be understood
• The process of placing information into long-term memory. (Brunner 2004)
• Encoding: Storage and Retrieval of Information, similar to how computers process information (input/output)
Long-term Memory
Information
Important FiguresImportant Figures
Jean Piaget• Genetic Epistemology• Stages of Development
Lev Vygotsky
• Social Development Theory
John Dewey
• Democratic Principles in Education
• Vocational Learning/ Hands-on
Jean Piaget
Vygotsky
Dewey
CIP Terminology
Knowledge Cognition1. Declarative Knowledge2. Procedural Knowledge 3. Conditional Knowledge Regulation Cognition1. Planning 2. Regulation3. Evaluation
Maintenance Rehearsal Elaborative Rehearsal • Mediation• Imagery• Auditory• Mnemonics
• Schema Activation• Guided Questioning • Guided Peer Questioning• Levels of Processing
Encoding Simple Information
Encoding Complex Information
Metacognitive Skills
CIP MechanismsCIP Mechanisms
Knowledge is “constructed” by learners as they attempt to make sense of their experiences. In the CIP theory, learners are active, seeking meaning, and not empty vessels. Brunner 2004
The CIP model below, represents the how information is placed into long-term memory, also referred to as “Encoding”.
Stimuli Transfer
Retrieval
Sensory Memory
Short-TermMemory (Working memory)
Long-TermMemory
StorageInformation from the
Environment
Elaboration and Encoding
Forgotten
Repetition
Learning Curve GraphLearning Curve Graph
Knowledge
Birth Time
Implications for EducationImplications for Education
Teachers must create learning environments conducive to helping and allowing students to apply previous knowledge to current situations.
Teachers must:
– Match encoding strategies with materials to be learned
– Encourage students to engage in deeper processing
– Use instructional strategies that promote elaboration
– Help students become metacognitive aware
– Make strategy instruction a priority, such as practice and feedback
– Help students transfer strategies
– Encourage reflection on strategy use
Brunner (2005)
ConstructivismConstructivism
What is the Constructivism What is the Constructivism Theory?Theory?
Constructivism is a paradigm that believes learning is an active, constructive process. The learner is the constructor of their own knowledge. This theory believes that people actively construct or create their own objective reality. All new information is linked to prior knowledge. Learning Theories.com 2007
Genetic epistemology is linked to constructivism. It is the method in which knowledge is obtained/created. Wikipedia 2007
Constructivism ModelConstructivism Model
Driscoll (2005) p. 84
ConstructivismAssumes
Knowledge is constructed
Learning GoalsConditions
for Instruction
Methods for Instruction
• Complex and relevant learning environments
• Social negotiation• Multiple perspectives
and multiple modes of learning
• Ownership in learning• Self-awareness of
knowledge construction
•Reasoning•Critical Thinking•Understanding and use of knowledge•Self-regulation•Mindful reflection
• Microworlds and hypermedia designs
• Collaborative learning and problem scaffolding
• Goal-based scenarios and problem-based learning
• Open software and course management tools
Important FiguresImportant Figures
Vygotsky• Scaffolding• Zone of Proximal Development
Piaget• Genetic Epistemology • Stages of Cognitive Development• Constructivist Theory
Dewey• Student-based Curriculum
Bruner• Discovery Learning
Note: The Constructivist Theory is made up of many theories in the field of education and psychology.
Vygotsky
Dewey
Piaget
Bruner
TerminologyTerminology
• Complex and relevant learning environments
• Collaborative learning
• Self-regulated (autonomy)
• Three kinds of learning outcomes: – no learning– Rote learning (memory)– Constructivist Learning (retention and transfer)
• SOI model (Selection, Organization, Integration)
• Culture and relativity
• Student-centered learning
MechanismsMechanisms
• Knowledge is acquired or “constructed” when learners actively create their own knowledge by trying to make sense out of new information that is presented to them and build upon previous learnings. (Perkins, 1991).
Learning Curve GraphLearning Curve Graph
Knowledge
Birth Time
Implications for EducationImplications for Education
Teachers must provide engaging opportunities for students to make sense of the information via hands-on activities and discussions.
– Embed learning in complex, realistic, and relevant learning environments
– Provide for social negotiation as an integral part of learning.
– Support multiple perspectives and use multiple modes of representation.
– Encourage ownership in learning
– Nurture self-awareness of the knowledge construction process Driscoll, 2005
Analyze, Compare, EvaluateAnalyze, Compare, Evaluate
(ACE)(ACE)
ComparisonComparison
Learning Theory
Socrates’ Recollection
Behaviorism CIP Constructivism
People Socrates, Plato B.F. Skinner, Thorndike, Pavlov, John B. Watson
Lev Vygotsky, Piaget, Dewey Dewey, Goodman, Gibson, Piaget , and many other education and psychology researchers
Terms Recollection, truths, soul Radical behaviorism, SRS (discriminative stimulus –operant response, contingent stimulus), law of effect, reinforcements, respondent and operant behavior
Sensory, short-term, and long-term memory, encoding, metacognition, storage, retrieval, maintenance rehearsal, imagery, keyword method, mnemonics, schema activation, guided questioning
Complex and relevant learning environments, collaboration, autonomy, rote, memory, retention and transfer, SOI model: selection, organization, integration, culture, relativity
Mechanism for Acquiring knowledge
Knowledge exist before birth, therefore individuals learn by recalling prior knowledge from a previous life, then applying it to current life situations.
Knowledge begins with the environment, therefore learning occurs when people react to satisfying and aversive stimuli allowing them to affect our thinking and future decisions.
Knowledge is acquired when information is stored in memory (sensory, short-term, or long-term memory), then recalled, and applied into knowledge.
Knowledge is acquired or “constructed” when learners actively create their own knowledge by trying to make sense out of new information that is presented to them and build upon previous learnings.
Implication for Teachers Teachers must guide students to find answers within themselves.
Teachers must apply positive and negative reinforcements to change student behavior and discourage disruptive
behaviors.
Teachers must create leaning environments conducive to helping and allowing students to apply previous knowledge to current situations.
Teachers must provide engaging opportunities for students to make sense of the information via hands-on activities and discussions.
A Revised "Learning Theory"A Revised "Learning Theory"Group 5’s Opinion:Group 5’s Opinion:
• We believe that learning takes place in We believe that learning takes place in different ways & at different levels at different ways & at different levels at different times in a person’s life.different times in a person’s life.
• Therefore, there are truths & benefits Therefore, there are truths & benefits associated with all the Learning Theories associated with all the Learning Theories we have discussed.we have discussed.
• To that end, we would like to offer a To that end, we would like to offer a Pedagological ViewPedagological View of how these existing of how these existing theories intertwine rather than a “new” theories intertwine rather than a “new” Learning Theory.Learning Theory.
Our "Learning Theory"Our "Learning Theory"
• Learning Theories are relevant at the Learning Theories are relevant at the Instructional LevelInstructional Level– HowHow learning takes place learning takes place
• Pedagological Views are relevant at the Pedagological Views are relevant at the Curriculum Level, Curriculum Level, which affects us more which affects us more directly on a daily basisdirectly on a daily basis– What What is learned & is learned & WhyWhy
• Our Pedagological View:Our Pedagological View:– Learning processes must create Learning processes must create interconnectionsinterconnections
for knowledge that is distributed over many for knowledge that is distributed over many actual and virtual locations. actual and virtual locations. MaintainingMaintaining these these connections then becomes a learning skill that is connections then becomes a learning skill that is essential for life-long learning.essential for life-long learning.
OurOur Pedagological View Pedagological View
• Cognitive Design Solutions found at http://www.cognitivedesignsolutions.com/Instruction/LearningTheory.htm On November 8 2007, Copyright © 2003 Cognitive Design Solutions, Inc.
• Brunning, Roger (2004) , Chapter 4, Encoding Process
• Driscoll, Marcy P. (2005). Psychology of learning for instruction, Chapter 3, Cognitive Information Processing, Boston: Allen and Bacon Longman
• Driscoll, Marcy P. (2005). Psychology of learning for instruction, Chapter 11, Constructivism, Boston: Allen and Bacon Longman
• Perkins, David, (1999) Many Faces of Constructivism, part of the Understandings of Consequence Project, which is supported by the National Science Foundation, Grant No. REC-9725502
• Gagne, R., Briggs, L. & Wager, W. (1992). Principles of Instructional Design (4th Ed.). Fort Worth, TX: HBJ College Publishers.
• http://hagar.up.ac.za/catts/learner/smarks/Learning_theory_timeline.html
• All Photos : http://tiger.towson.edu/users/sblair2/istc301/theories.htm
• Wikipedia found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Bruner on November 13 2007, Copyright © 2007 Wikipedia
• Learning Theories found at http://www.learning-theories.com on November 16, 2007 Copyright © 2007 Learning Theories
• Study Guide and Strategies found at http://www.studygs.net/cooplearn.htm on November 16, 2007 Copyright © 2007 Study Guide and strategies
• Edutech wiki found at http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/en/Learner_autonomy on November 16, 2007 Copyright © 2007 Edutech
ResourcesResources