Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
In the first installment of our second Year of the SmartState series, Dr. Regalbuto, of the University of South Carolina & the new Energy Leadership Institute (ELI), talks Green Gasoline and U.S Energy Independence in conjunction with Energy Action Month.
Citation preview
Hydrocarbon Biofuelsand
US Energy Independence
Science Cafe
Prof. John R. (JR) RegalbutoSmartstate Chair of Catalysis for Renewable
FuelsDept. of Chemical Engineering
U. South CarolinaOctober 8, 2013
Outline
Why hydrocarbon biofuels
How to convert biomass into hydrocarbon biofuels
Where hydrocarbon biofuels fit into US energy independence
United States Government
NationalAeronautic and Space
Administration
EnvironmentalProtection
Agency
Smithsonian Institution
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Other agencies
Commerce
Science Advisor
Other boards, councils, etc.
U.S. President
Independent Agencies
Major Departments
Science AdvisorOffice of Science and
Technology Policy
Office of Management and Budget
Agriculture Health and Human Services Interior Transportation Defense EnergyHomeland
Security
Recent Sea Change in Biofuels Funding
Fuel economy
Ethanol vs. Gasoline
76,000 Btu/gal 115,000 Btu/gal
RON = 109 RON = 91 - 99
Can the higher octane of ethanol compensate its lower energy density?
Higher octane means higher compression ratios
Thermal efficiency increases 17% from cr = 10 to cr = 20
But thermal efficiency is not fuel economy
Fuel economy is thermal efficiency times energy density
If fuel economy of ethanol is to equal gasoline, the efficiency of ethanol engines must be 115/76 (51%) higher than gasoline engines
Cycle Thermodynamics (C. Regalbuto, Stanford) 2T Otto cycle Reactive Otto cycle
Higher compression ratios of ethanol engines don’t nearly compensate for energy density difference
Road tests on ethanol-optimized engines
With highest compression ratios and engine downspeeding/downsizing, the gap of ethanol fuel economy can be closed to about 20%, from about 30%.
[9];
Challenge for Ethanol Energy density is the main factor for fuel
economy
Produce for 70 – 80% of the cost of gasoline with no subsidies (as in Brazil)
How pay for change in infrastructure?
Outline
Why hydrocarbon biofuels
How to convert biomass into hydrocarbon biofuels
Where hydrocarbon biofuels fit into US energy independence
Current Situation in Biofuels U.S. oil consumption = 7 billion barrels of oil a year
2005 DOE Billion Ton Study 1.3 billion tons of biomass sustainably available
Forest waste Agricultural residue Energy crops (switch grass, short rotation poplar trees)
Energy equivalent = 4 billion barrels of oil Converted at 50% efficiency: 2 billion barrels = about half of imported oil
fermentation
transesterfication
corngrain
sugarcane
soybeans
sugar
Sugar/Starch
Lipids
starch saccharification
Ethanol
Biodiesel
catalytic routes
biological routes
1st Generation Biofuels in US
circa 2000
gasification to “syngas” (CO + H2)
pyrolysis, fast or slow
fermentation
transesterfication
Jet Fuel
Diesel
Gasoline
Butanol
forestwaste
cornstover
switch-grass
corngrain
sugarcane
alga
soybeans
sugar
Sugar/Starch
Lipids
lignocellulose
starch saccharification
gases
bio-oil
Fischer-Tropsch
catalytic routes
biological routes
dissolution
lignin
thermal routes
Heat/Power
Ethanol
Biodiesel
hydrotreating
Biofuels Production in 2006
Roadmap for Hydrocarbon Production
2007 NSF/ENG and DOE/EERE Cosponsored Workshop in June, 2007
Workshop participants:– 71 invited participants– 27 academics from 24 universities– 19 companies, small and large– 13 representatives from 5 national labs– 10 program managers (NSF, DOE, USDA)
Workshops Goals:– Articulate the role of chemistry and
catalysis in the mass production of green gasoline, diesel and jet fuel from lignocellulose.
– Understand the key chemical and engineering challenges.
– Develop a roadmap for the mass production of next generation hydrocarbon biofuels.
Final Report Released April 1, 2008– www.ecs.umass.edu/biofuels/
roadmap.htm Input for Interagency Working Group on
Biomass Conversion
Biofuel Production Alternatives
gasification to “syngas” (CO + H2)
pyrolysis, fast or slow
liquid phase processing
fermentation
transesterfication
Jet Fuel
Diesel
Gasoline
Ethanol
forestwaste
cornstover
switch-grass
corngrain
sugarcane
alga
soybeans
sugar
Sugar/Starch
Lipids
lignocellulose
starch saccharification
gases
bio-oil
Fisher-Tropsch
methanol
catalytic routes
biological routes
dissolution
lignin
thermal routes
Heat/Power
butanol
Biodiesel
hydrotreating
synthetic biology
Biofuel Production Alternatives
gasification to “syngas” (CO + H2)
pyrolysis, fast or slow
liquid phase processing
fermentation
transesterfication
Jet Fuel
Diesel
Gasoline
Ethanol
forestwaste
cornstover
switch-grass
corngrain
sugarcane
alga
soybeans
sugar
Sugar/Starch
Lipids
lignocellulose
starch saccharification
gases
bio-oil
Fisher-Tropsch
methanol
catalytic routes
biological routes
dissolution
lignin
thermal routes
Heat/Power
butanol
Biodiesel
hydrotreating
synthetic biology
Gasoline from Cellulose by Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis in a Single Reactor
Cellulose
Glucose in ZSM-5
Pyrolysis toSugars,Adsorption intocatalyst Gasoline,
CO2, Water
CatalyticConversion
BCC = Biomass Catalytic Cracking
CA-Biomass
KiOR connects the Biomass and Oil Industry
Bio-Crude compatible with refining streams (but no Sulfur, metals etc)
Technology based on existing refining technology
Compatibility with existing infra-structure lower entry barrier
fast Time-To-Market!
KiOR creates feedstock diversity for oil refiners !
Bio Crude
Crude oil
Courtesy of Laurel Harmon, UOP
Lignocellulosic Biomass to Fuels Via Pyrolysis
StabilizationPyrolysisBiomass
Mixed WoodsMixed Woods
Corn StoverCorn Stover
Deoxygenate
Gasoline Diesel Jet Chemicals
Other Refinery
Processes
Biocrude
Ref
iner
y
P P
P P
P P
Collaboration with DOE, NREL, PNNLJV with Ensyn UOP 4962-1028
Envergent’s Commercialization Plan
Biomass
‘Green’Electricity
Fuel Oil
Heating OilMarine Fuels
TransportFuelsTimeline 2008
2011
2009
Stage 1Upgrader
Stage 2Upgrader
Mixed WoodsMixed Woods
Corn StoverCorn Stover
Available Now
Pyrolysis Unit
Rolling Deployment 29
Biofuel Production Alternatives
gasification to “syngas” (CO + H2)
pyrolysis, fast or slow
liquid phase processing
fermentation
transesterfication
Jet Fuel
Diesel
Gasoline
Ethanol
forestwaste
cornstover
switch-grass
corngrain
sugarcane
alga
soybeans
sugar
Sugar/Starch
Lipids
lignocellulose
starch saccharification
gases
bio-oil
Fisher-Tropsch
methanol
catalytic routes
biological routes
dissolution
lignin
thermal routes
Heat/Power
butanol
Biodiesel
hydrotreating
synthetic biology
Carbohydrates
Ethanol/Butanol
fermentation
DMF
dehydration/hydrodeoxygenation
Oxygenated Fuels
dehydration
furfuralcompounds
carbonyl formation
ketones/aldehydes
Oxygenated Intermediates
1. C-C coupling2. hydrogenation3. dehydration/ hydrogenation
targetedalkane
synthesisaqueous
phasereforming
H2:CO2
(process-H2)
C5-C12
gasoline
C10-C20
diesel fuel
>C20
wax
C9-C16
jet fuel
Synthesis Gas(H2:CO)
Fischer-Tropschsynthesis
gasification
Alkane Fuels
C1
methane
C2-C4
LPG
aqueousphase
reforming
reforming+FT synthesisC5-C6
Jim Dumesic:Carbohydrates to FuelsEthers
Jim Dumesic: Science March 2008
Self-separation from water - no distillation required. Less energy input:– lowers processing cost– improves the C balance
Processing advantage
Virent Energy Systems Overview
Founded in 2002 by Dr. Randy Cortright and Professor Jim Dumesic from the Department of Chemical Engineering of the University of Wisconsin
Biofuel Production Alternatives
gasification to “syngas” (CO + H2)
pyrolysis, fast or slow
liquid phase processing
fermentation
transesterfication
Jet Fuel
Diesel
Gasoline
Ethanol
forestwaste
cornstover
switch-grass
corngrain
sugarcane
alga
soybeans
sugar
Sugar/Starch
Lipids
lignocellulose
starch saccharification
gases
bio-oil
Fisher-Tropsch
methanol
catalytic routes
biological routes
dissolution
lignin
thermal routes
Heat/Power
butanol
Biodiesel
hydrotreating
synthetic biology
Biofuel Production Alternatives
gasification to “syngas” (CO + H2)
pyrolysis, fast or slow
liquid phase processing
fermentation
transesterfication
Jet Fuel
Diesel
Gasoline
Ethanol
forestwaste
cornstover
switch-grass
corngrain
sugarcane
alga
soybeans
sugar
Sugar/Starch
Lipids
lignocellulose
starch saccharification
gases
bio-oil
Fisher-Tropsch
methanol
catalytic routes
biological routes
dissolution
lignin
thermal routes
Heat/Power
butanol
Biodiesel
hydrotreating
synthetic biology
Outline
Why hydrocarbon biofuels
How to convert biomass into hydrocarbon biofuels
Where hydrocarbon biofuels fit into US energy independence
http://www.bartlett.house.gov/uploadedfiles/PeakOilGapDiscoveryConsumption.pdf
Shale Gas
2070 2080 2090
Time left: Current reserves, shale gas and oil, growing usage: ~ 70 yrs
CurrentReserves
ShaleOil
50%60%
45
http://www.bartlett.house.gov/uploadedfiles/PeakChartWhoHastheOil.pdf
47
What’s been done?
Energy Flow in US, 2005 (in Quads: 1 Quad = 1 quadrillion BTU)https://eed.llnl.gov/flow/images/LLNL_Energy_Chart300.jpg
How to Eliminate Imported Oil
CO2 free elec
CO2 free diesel, jet
New nuclear
New biomass
Summary Thoughts Use lignocellulose for energy dense, infrastructure
compatible biohydrocarbons Utilize existing corn EtOH plants for blending at E10 (15 billion
gal/yr) With lignocellulose, make green gasoline, diesel, jet
No need to break down the “ethanol blend wall” Hydrocarbon biofuels from algae also possible
Feedstock production costs still too high; conversion is cheap
Long range vision: Light vehicles: electric or plug in hybrid (much less demand for
gasoline) Still need diesel and jet fuel for planes, trains, trucks, and boats Use biomass for 100% of liquid transportation fuels
51
USC-Initiated National Workshop/Conference:
The Path to Sustainable Energy Independence
Panel of national energy experts and practitioners will produce 30 year roadmap to:
- end oil imports- with sustainable, GHG neutral power
53
Three Political Drivers:- Energy independence- Reduction in GHG emissions- Jobs for rural America
Workshop Vision:
Bring together national expertise in energy research, policy, economics, and health and environment, to produce a roadmap for replacing imported oil with sustainable alternate energy within a few decades.
a roadmap produced by the country’s leading experts and practitioners cannot be ignored
