Review of Grammar Presentations

Ms. Catherine’s Class

Learning the 8 Parts of Speech helps you to develop the working vocabulary necessary to discuss and study a language.

You especially need to recognize the parts of speech in the context of sentences.

That is because many words function in more than one role.

Only by analyzing the sentence at hand can you see how a given word functions.

It may be unlikely that your boss will ever ask you to identify the parts of speech in a document.

Parts of Speech

But being able to do so will help you to punctuate correctly and choose precise words for clear, powerful writing and speech.

In addition, understanding the roles different parts of speech play in written and oral communication will be helpful when you learn another language.

Parts of Speech

In elementary school, you probably learned that a noun is a person, place or thing.

In addition, nouns also name qualities, feelings, concepts, activities and measures.

Nouns

Nouns are important words in our lanuage. Sentences revolve around nouns because these

words function both as subjects and as objects of verbs.

To determine whether a word is really a noun, try using it with the word is or are.

Notice that all the nouns listed here would make sense if used in this way.

Nouns

Pronouns are words used in place of nouns.As noun substitutes, pronouns provide variety

and efficiency.Compare these two versions of the same

sentence:Without pronouns:

Scott gave the book to Kelly so that Kelly could use the book to study.

With pronouns:

Scott gave the book to Kelly so that she could us it to study.

Pronouns

In sentences, Pronouns may function as subjects of verbs (ex. I, we, they, he, she, it) or as objects of the verbs (ex. me, us, them).

They may act as connectors (ex. that, which, who) or and they may show possession (ex. mine, ours, hers, theirs).

Please note that words such as his, my, hers, its are classified as adjectives when they describe nouns (ex. his car, my desk, its engine).

Pronouns

Verbs express an action, an occurrence or a state of being.Jason built an excellent web site. (action)

Actions verbs show the action of a sentence. It has many links. (occurrence)

He is very proud of it. (state of being)Verbs that express a state of being generally

link to the subject words that describe or rename it.

The linking verbs that express the senses: feels, appears, tastes, sounds, seems, looks.

Verbs

At this point, it is important that you be able recognize verbs so that you can determine whether sentences are complete.

All sentences must, must, must have at least one verb…sometimes there is more than one verb and sometimes they appear singly or in phrases.

Verbs

Words that descrive nouns or pronouns are called adjectives.

They often answer the questions: What kind? How many? and Which one?

Small, independent businesses are becoming numerous.

What kinds of businesses?We have six franchises in four states.

How many franchises? How many states?That chain of clubs started as a small

operation.Which chain? What kind of operation?

Adjectives

He is energetic and forceful while she is personable and deliberate.

What pronouns do these adjectives describe?Adjectives usually precede nouns.Three words (a, an, and the) form a

special group of adjectives called articles.

Adjectives

Words that modify (describe or limit) verbs, adjectives or other adverbs are called adverbs.

Adverbs usually answer the questions When? How? Where and To what extent?

Today we must complete the project.Must complete the project when?

Mitch approached the intersection cautiously.

Approached how?He seems especially competent.

How competent?

Adverbs

Did you see the television there?Where?

The prosecutor did not question him further.Questioned him to what extent?

Many, but not all, words ending in ly are adverbs.

Adverbs

Prepositions join nouns and pronouns to other words in a sentence.

As the word suggests (pre- meaning before), a preposition is a word in a position before its object (a noun or pronoun).

Prepositions are used in phrases to show a relationship between the object of the preposition and another word in the sentence.

Prepositions

In the following sentence, notice how the preposition changes the relation of the object to the verb:

Brian often talked with Paul.Brian often talked about Paul.Brian often talked to Paul.Learn to recognize objects of prepositions so

that you don’t confuse them with sentence subjects.

Prepositions

Words that connect other words or groups of words are conjunctions.

The most common are and, but, or and nor…they are called coordinating conjunctions because they join equal (or coordinate) parts of sentences.Yuki, Dan and Kristi are all looking for jobs.

Joins equal words.You may be interviewed by a human resources

officer or by a supervising manager.Joins equal groups of words.

Conjunctions

Words expressing strong feelings are interjections.

Standing alone, they are followed by exclamation points.

When woven into a sentence, they are usually followed by commas.

Wow! Did you see what she wrote in her email message?

Oops! I forgot to send the attachment.

Interjections

You need to know the functions of these 8 parts of speech in order to understand and profit from your study of this language.

At this stage, you should not be able to identify the functions of all words in all sentences.

Whatever stage you find yourself at this moment…please be patient with your progress! Don’t give up!

Summary

Review…What are the 8 Parts of Speech?

Go over last night’s homework…was everyone able to use all 8 parts of speech in a sentence?

Complete another worksheet in which we need to be able to identify the different parts of speech.

Today’s Objectives

Quick review…who can tell me what a Noun is?

A Pronoun? Who has a good sentence from

last night’s homework using an Adjective or

an Adverb? What about your sentences using Conjunctions, Prepositions or Interjections?

A noun is a person, place, thing or idea.All nouns are either common or proper.

A common noun names any person, place or thing.

Ex. basketball, pencil, desk, classroomA proper noun names a specific person, place

or thing and begins with a capital letter.Ex. New York City, Mother Theresa, Babe

Ruth.There are other specific types of nouns:A collective noun is a group of people or

things.Ex. flock, team, class, group.

NOUN

A compound noun is a noun consisting of more than a single word.It can be two separate words that mean something

different when put together…ex. physical education or social studies.

It could be two words joined by a hyphen…ex. make-up or merry-go-round.

Or it could be a combined word…ex. schoolteacher, bookkeeper, or landlord.

NOUNS (cont’d)

Who would like to be my

secretary here?If we do this right, the 1st

initials of each noun should spell out a

quotation and its speaker!

A pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.

We use pronouns to:1. Refer to a noun (called its antecedent) that

usually comes before the pronoun.2. Make our writing clearer, smoother and less

awkward.

Roberto feels he can win the race.He is the pronoun and Roberto is the antecedent.

Terry and Jim know that they are best friends.What is the pronoun here?The antecedent?

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns refer to people and things.They are divided into three categories.

1. First person…referring to the person who is speaking.

1. (I went to the mall.)

2. Second person…referring to the person spoken to.

1. (Joey, can you see the bus?

3. Third person…referring to anyone or anything else.

1. (Bob saw us do this assignment.)

Types of Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns are formed by adding self or selves to certain personal pronouns.myself, youself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,

themselvesInterrogative Pronouns are used to ask a

question.Which, who, whom, whose

Demonstrative Pronoun is used to point out a specific person or thing.this, that, these, those

“Is this yours?”Uses both this (demonstrative pronoun) and yours

(personal pronoun).

Types of Pronouns (cont’d)

Indefinite Pronoun often does not refer to a specific person or thing and it usually does not have a definite or specific antecedent.

Types of Pronouns (cont’d)

Can we circle 10 different pronouns?

An adjective modifies (qualifies or limits the meaning of) a noun or a pronoun.

Answers the questions What kind? Which one(s)? How many? How much?

The words a, an and the are the most frequently used adjectives…though sometimes referred to as articles or noun markers, they are adjectives!!

Remember, use a before nouns starting with a consonant & an before nouns starting with a vowel!!!

An adjective can come before or after the noun or pronoun it describes.

Adjectives

A Proper Adjective is formed by a Proper Noun. Italian bread, Midas touch. Italian & Midas

are proper nouns.A Compound Adjective is a word composed

of 2 or more words…sometimes these words are hyphenated.landmark decision, black-and-blue mark

Do not use a hyphen (-) after an adverb ending in –ly.newly painted mural, recently purchased

Types of Adjectives

People sometimes confuse adjectives with nouns or pronouns.

Points to remember:1. When is a word a noun? When is a word

an adjective?

Tips when using Adjectives

2. When is a word a pronoun? When is a word an adjective?

Prepositions

Define Subject-Verb AgreementReview the Rules that help to define what that means in spoken English.

Understand why this will assist us in communicating better our feelings as well as the actions around us.

Today’s Objectives

Basic Principle: The subject and the verb must agree in number: both must be singular or both must be plural.

Rule 1. Collective nouns are usually singular when regarded as a unit.Ex: Our team has won every game this year.Ex: My family lives in Puebla.

Rule 2. With the number of _______, use a singular verb.Ex: The number of people we need to hire is 13.

HoweverWith a number of _______ , use a plural verb.

Ex: A number of people have written about this subject.

Subject-Verb Agreement

Rule 3. When words like the following are used as subjects, they take singular verb.

Ex: Everybody knows the answer.Ex: Nobody speaks German here.Ex: Somebody was in the room.Ex: Every one of the cakes is gone.Ex: Each of the students is responsible for his

homework.

Subject-Verb Agreement

Rule 4. The pronouns neither and either are singular when used as subjects and require singular verbs even though they seem to be referring to two things.Ex. Neither of the Christmas trees is as pretty as

it was last year.In this example, it is the word “neither” that is

the subject of the sentence, not the plural word, “Christmas trees” so it requires a singular noun.

Rule 5. Subjects joined by “and” take a plural verb.Ex. Joan and Julia are workaholics.Ex. The lion and the tiger were thought to be the

main attraction at the zoo.

Subject-Verb Agreement

Can anyone rememer what is an antecedent when discussing a pronoun?

Remember that a pronoun agrees with its antecedent in number and gender.

If the pronoun takes the place of a singular noun, then you have to use a singular pronoun.

Subject-Verb AgreementPronouns