GRAMÁTICA LIBROPor: Isabel Trammell

TABLE OF CONTENTS Qué vs. Cuál Ser Estar Gustar Transitions Imperfect Acabar de+ infinitive Triggers Hacer+time+que+present tense

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preterito {car/gar/zar, spock, cucaracha

verbs & irregulars, snake/snakey} Modal verbs Adverbios Progressive tense {present and past} El Futuro: “will factor”, irregular, &

conditional Demonstratives Superlatives Formal commands Prepositions

Qué

Cuál

Asking for a definitionEx: ¿Qué es su novio? {what is your boyfriend? (what does he do for a living)}

Asking what

Asking for an adjective.Can also mean whichEx: ¿Cuál es su novio? {which is your boyfriend?}

DO

C

OT

RD

E

Pdescriptions

origin

characteristics

time

occupation

relationships

possession

events

dates

SER

ESTAR

HE

LP

IN

G

health

location

emotions

AR- andoER/IR- endo - yendo

Whenever you want to add -ing

present

GUSTARMe gusta{n}Te gusta{n}Le gusta{n}No goes before indirect object pronoun.Ex: No me gusta la zapato.Add ‘a’ before sentence for more emphasis.Don’t conjugate for subject, but for what you like {singular or plural}.

Nos gusta{n}Os gusta{n}Les gusta{n}

TRANSITIONS

Tambien- also Ahora- now Despues- after Ni-Ni- neither Primero- first Pero- but Por eso- because of this Asi-que- so that Y- and Entonces- then

IMPERFECT

AR verbs Yo- aba Tu- abas El/Ella/Usted- aba Nos- abamos Vos- abais Ellos/Ellas/

Ustedes- aban

o ER and IR verbso Yo-o Tu- o El/Ella/Usted-o Nos-o Vos- o Ellos/Ellas/

Ustedes-

ACABAR DE + INFINITIVE

I have just done… Yo- Acabo Tu- Acabas El/ Ella/Usted- Acaba Nos- Acabamos Vos- Acabais Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes- Acaban Ex: Acabo de leer un libro.

TRIGGERS

Todos los dias A menudo A veces Siempre Cada dia Los lunes Generalmente Mientras De vez en cuando Muchas veces frecuentemente

HACE+TIME+QUE+PRESENT TENSE

Used to talk about how long you’ve been doing something

Ex: Hace trienta y cinco minutos que Paula espera el autobus.

PRETERITO {ONLY CHANGES FIRST PERSON}: CAR, GAR, Y ZAR

Change to yo form then add -qué -car

toqué -gar

jugué -zar

comencé

PRETERITO:SPOCK

Hacer Hice Hiciste Hizo Hicimos hicieron

Ir & Ser FuiFuisteFueFuimosFueron

Dar & Ver -i -iste-io-imos-ieron

PRETERITO: CUCARACHA VERBS

Andar anduv- Estar estuv- -e Poder pud- -iste Poner pus- -o Querer quis- -imos Saber sup- -ieron Tener tuv- Venir vin-

CUCARACHA IRREGULARES

Decir dij- -e Traer traj- -iste Conducir conduj- -o Producir produj- -imos Traducir traduj- -eron

PRETERITO: SNAKE/SNAKEY

Snake: stem changers Dormir

Dormí Dormimos Dormiste Durmíó dumieron

Snakey: y changers Leer

Lei Leimos Leiste Leyó leyeron

MODAL VERBS

Helping verbs Conjugate and pair the modal verbs

with an infinitive to get a new meaning Ir+a+infinitive (going to do something) Poder+infinitive (are able to do something Querer+inf (want to do something) Deber+inf (should do something) Tener que+inf (to have to do something) Soler+inf (to be accustomed to…)

ADVERBIOS

Make the word feminine then add –mente

When two words modify the same verb, only the second one uses the –mente ending, but the first one is still changed to feminine Ex: Juan trabaja lenta y ciudadosamente.{Juan works slowly and carefully}

Irregulars: bastante (quite/enough), ya (already), tan (so), peor (worse), demasiado (too)

PROGRESSIVE TENSE

Present: Formed by combining the verb “to be” with the present participle Estar+ando/iendo/yendo

Add ando to –ar verbs Add iendo to –er and –ir verbs Add yendo to double vowel (-eer, -uir, etc.) verbs

EL FUTURO: “WILL FACTOR”

Infinitive -e -as -a -emos -an

Ex: I will sing: cantare

EL FUTURO IRREGULARES

Decir dir- Hacer har- -é Poner pondr- -ás Salir saldr- -á Tener tendr- -emos Valer vendr- -éis Poner pondr- -án Querer querr- Saber sabr-

EL FUTURO: CONDITIONAL

Future: what will happen Conditional means probability

Infinitive +

-ia-ias-ia-iamos-ian

DEMONSTRATIVES

Aquél- that one (over there) Aquel- that (over there) Ese/esa- that Ésa/ése- that one Eso- those Este/esta- this éste/ésta-this one Esto- these

SUPERLATIVES Use when trying to say that something has the

most or least of a certain quality Más- the most

Ex: Nick es el más bajo. Menos- the least

Ex: Sofia es la menos agradable.

FORMAL COMMANDS

Put in “yo” change opposite vowel Ar e Er/ir a

Imperfect: TV DISHES

PREPOSITIONS

Antes Abajo Dentro de Lejos Cerca Delante Despues de Detras de Encima de Enfrenta de Entre