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Grammar BookChristina Hoggs
Table of Contents
1. Nationalities 2. Stem-Changing Verbs 3. Para 4. IOP 5. Pronoun Placement 6. Gustar 7. Affirmative/Negative Words 8. Superlatives 9. Reflexives 10. Affirmative Tu Commands/Irregulars/Pronoun Placement
11. Negative Tu Commands/Irregulars/Pronoun Placement
12. Sequencing Events
Nationalities
Stem-Changing Verbs
O to UE (Contar)
Cuento Contamos
Cuentas Contais
Cuenta Cuentan
E to IE (Entender)
Entiendo Entendemos
Entiendes Entendeis
Entiende Entienden
E to I (Servir)
Sirvo Servimos
Sirves Servis
Sirve Sirvemos
U to UE (Jugar)
Juego Jugamos
Juegas Jugais
Juega Juegan
Para
To indicate destination
To show how something is used
To indicate a recipient
To express a deadline or specific time
To express a contrast from what’s expected
To mean “in order to” or “for the purpose of”
IOP
SngularIOP
Me (me)
Te (you informal)
Le (you formal, him, or
her)
PluralIOP
Nos (us)
Os (you all
familiar)Les
(them)
IOP Cont.
Juan me da el dinero Juan gives me the money
Sara les compra un regalo Sara buys them a gift
Trudy me dice un relato Trudy tells me a story
El mesero les da el menu The waiter gives them the menu
Nosotros les dan la pelota We give them the ball
Pronoun Placement•Su
zie darle la lechuga
•Tim comprarme el arroz
Attached to an infinitive
•Estoy mirandolo
Attached to a gerund
•Me despierto en mi cama
•Te acuestas a las once
Before a conjugated
verb
Gustar
Singular Gustar
Me gusta la plata
Nos gusta plata
Te gusta la plata
Os gusta la plata
Le gusta la plata
Les gusta la plataPlural Gustar
Me gustan las ideas
Nos gustan las ideas
Te gustan las ideas
Os gustan las ideas
Le gustan las ideas
Les gustan las ideas
Affirmative/Negative Words
Algo (Something)
Alguien (Someone)
Algun/alguno(a) (Some)
Siempre (Always)
Tambien (Also)
Nada (Nothing) Nadie (No one)
Ningun/Ninguno(a)
(None, Not any)Nunca (Never)
Tampoco (Neither, Either)
Superlatives
Equivalent to extremely or very before an
adjective or adverb
• Malo > Malisimo• Muchas > Muchisimas• Dificil > Dificilismo
Adjectives and adverbs ending in c, g, or z
change spelling to qu, gu, and c respectively
• Rico > Riquisimo• Feliz > Felicismo• Larga > Larguisima
Adjectives that end in n or r form by adding
cisimo/a
• Joven > jovencisimo• Trabajador > Trabajadorcisimo
Reflexives
In reflexive verbs, the subject is always the object
How to form reflexive verbs
1. Conjugate verb (o, as, a, amos, ais, an)
2. Add the reflexive
pronouns (me, te, se, nos, os,
se)
Ex. Me despierto
Affirmative Tu Commands/Irregulars/Pronoun Placement
Di Decir
Haz Hacer
Ve Ir
Pon Poner
Sal Salir
Se Ser
Ten Tener
Ven Venir
Put into 3rd person Keep in tu
form and drop s
When using a pronoun with an affirmative tu command, the pronoun attaches to the end of the command
Ex. Cruza el parque > Cruzalo
Negative Tu Commands/Irregulars/Pronoun Placement
Tener No tengas
Venir No vengas
Dar/decir No des/digas
Ir No vayas
Ser/salir No seas/salgas
Hacer No hagas
Estar No este’s
Saber No sepas
1. Put in yo form
•Como
2. Change vowell (e/I to a and a to e)
•Coma
3. Add s
•Comas
Object pronouns precede the verbs in negative commands, just like other conjugated verbs
Ex. No lo uses (Don’t use it)
Sequencing Events
Primero (First)
Entonces (Then)
Luego (Later)
Despues (After)
Por fin (Finally)
Antes de (Before) Despues de (After)
Por la manana/tarde/noch
e (in/during the (NO SPECIFIC TIME
GIVEN))
Los lunes, etc. (On Mondays, etc.)
Reoccurring