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Grammar Book
By: Antonio Capozzi
Table of Contents3. Presente -ar –er –ir 4. Stem Changers 5. Irregulars –go –zco –yo6. Saber vs conocer7. Reflexives8. ‘se’ impersonal9. Dipthongs10. Verbs like…Uir/guir11. Verbs like…Cer/cir12. Verbs like…Ger/gir13. Hace +__+ que + present/presentente14. Imperfecto 15. Preterite 16. Car, gar, zar17. Spock18. cucaracha19. Snake/snakeys20. Comparatives/Superlatives21. Futuro
Ar, Er, Ir
• Los verbos regulares en el presente
Ar-o amosas ana
Er-
o emos
Es en
e
Ir-
o imos
es en
e
Caminar-
Camino Caminamos
Caminas Caminan
CaminaComer-
Como Comemos
Comes Comen
Come
Vivir-
Vivo Vivimos
Vives Viven
Vive
Stem Changers aka Boot verbs
• The verbs change in the root• They do not change in the nosotros form or
the vosotros• E ie• O ue• U ue
Yo nosotros
Tú vosotros
El/ella/utd Ellos/Ellas/Utds
Pensar-
Penso
Pienso
Irregulars -go -zco -yo
• The “go” “zco” verbs are only in the irregulars in the yo form
• “go” verbs- caer, decir, oir, puner, hacer, tener, traer, venir
• “zco” verbs (cer/cir)- conocer, producir, conducir• y los demás – ser, ir, estar, ver, saber, dar
Yo - Conozco
Yo - Produzco
Yo - Conduzco
Yo – Tengo
Yo – Hago
Yo - Vengo
Ser- Ir-
Soy Somos Voy Vamos
Eres Son Vas Van
Es Va
Saber Vs Conocer
• Both saber y conocer translate to the English verb to know
• Both “yo” forms are irregular
Conocer- Conozco conocemosConoces ConocenConoce
Saber – Sé sabemosSabes sabenSabe
Reflexives
• Brenda se lava- se is reflexive• Reflexives also can be added on the end of an
infinitive. Such as…- Puedo verme en el espejo
‘se impersonal
• pronoun ”se” is in front of verbs to make general statements.
• ¿cómo se dice man en español?• In English it translates to either “you say” or
“one says.”
Dipthongs w/accents
• Dipthongs are the strong or weak vowels in a word next to each other.
• Strong vowel sounds are a,e,o.• Weak vowel sounds are i,u,y.• puerto, ciudad, siete, hay.
*two strong vowels cannot be in the same syllable
Verbs like…Uir/Guir
Guir Uir
-Yo form only changes from Gu to G -Conseguirconsigoconsiguesconsigueconseguimosconsiguen
-Nosotros form is the only that doesn’t change.-Verbs that end in -uir (not guir) add y before o, e, and a endings-atribuir atribuyoatribuyesatribuyeatribuimosatribuyen
Verbs like…Cer/cir
• Verbs that end in a vowel + cer or cir add z before the c in the yo form only.
• Verbs that end in a consonant + cer or cir change the c to z in the yo form only.
• conducir = conduzco• ejercer = ejerzo
Verbs like…Ger/gir
• Verbs that end in ger and gir change the g to j in the yo form only.
• coger = cojo• fingir = finjo
Hace +__+ que + Present/Presentente
• The yo form is the only irregular• Hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacen
Imperfecto
• The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past that occurred repeatedly.
• Yo caminaba todo los días.
Er/Ir-
íaíasíaíamosían
Ar-abaabasabaábamosaban
Ser-
eraeraseraéramoseran
Ver-
veíaveíasveíaveíamosveían
Ir-
ibaibasibaíbamosiban
Preterite
• “Snapshot” of time.• Known beginning and or ending• Trigger words: ayer, anoche, aneayer, la
semana pasada ect…
É ÍAste isteó ióAmos imosAron ieron
Car, gar, zar
• Car qué• Gar qué• Zar cé• * 1st person only “yo”
Spock
HacerIr/ser
Dar/ver
hicehicistehizohicimoshicieron
FuiFuiste FueFuimos Fueron
d/v - id/v - isted/v - io d/v - imosd/v - ieron
Cucaracha
ÉisteOimosieron“j” verbs i
Andar anduvEstar estuvPoder pudPoner pusQuerer quisSaber supTener tuvVenir vinConducir condujProducir produjTraducir tradujTraer trajDecir dij
EronEron
Snake/Snakey
• Stem changers and Y changers
Dormir-Dormi dormimosDormisteDurmio Durmieron
Leer-Leí leimosLeisteLeyó leyeron
Comparatives/Superlatives Adjective Comparative Translation Superlative Translation
bueno good mejor que better el / la mejor the best
malo bad peor que worse el / la peor the worst
viejo old mayor que older el / la mayor the oldest
joven young menor que younger el / la menor the youngest
El Futuro
• Infinitives & -
vivir = viviré
ÉÁs ÁEmosÁn
“Will factor”
Ir + a + infinitive (immediate future)
Decir- to sayHaber- there to be/to haveHacer- to make doPoder-to be able Poner- to put,place,restQuerer-to want, loveSaber- to knowSalir- to leave, go outTener-to haveValer- to be worthVenir- to come
Parte Dos
Pret/impPreterite - words and phrases indicate specific time frames
Imperfect - words and phrases that are repetitive, vague or non-specific time frames
ayer (yesterday) anoche (last night)esta mañana (this morning)el otro día (the other day)
cada día (every day)cada semana (every week) cada mes (every month) cada año (every year)
Future/ conditionalFuture
Conditional
Future Endings -é -emos-ás -éis-á -án
Conditional Endings-ía -íamos-ías -íais-ía -ían
Irregulars
tener tendr-venir vendr-poner pondr-salir saldr-saber sabr-poder podr-haber habr-caber cabr-decir dir-hacer har-querer querr-
English: They will eat with us.Spanish: Ellos comerán con nosotros.
English: They would eat with us Spanish: Ellos comerían con nosotros
por• 1) Used to indicate motion or general location Around, through, along, by• 2) Durations of an action For, during, in• 3) Reason or motion for an action Because of, on account of, on behalf of• 4) object of a search For, in search of• 5) means by which something is done be, by way of, by means of• 6) exchange or substitution In exchange for• 7) unit of measure Per, by
Por aqui - around herePor ejemplo - for examplePor eso - that’s why/ thereforePor fin - finally
por
• Portal – idea of passing through• Portugal – general location• “por”ever – how long something lasts• Porpose – the case of something• Import/export – an exchange• Im por, pay for me – doing something in the
place of someone else• Transportation – a means of transportation
para• 1) Destination toward, in direction of• 2) dead line or specific time in the future By, for• 3) purpose or goal + infinitive In order to• 4) purpose + noun For, used for• 5) recipient of something for• 6) comparison with others or an opinion For, considering• 7)in the employ of for
Para
• Surprise Paratay – for whom something is done
• Paraguay – destination• The purpose for which something is done• Paradoname - to express an opinion• Comparason - to contrast or compare• Paramedic - to express the idea of a dead line
Por vs para• Approximate time or duration
(for, during, in, per)• Manner or means (by)• Movement (along, through, by,
via, around)• Exchange (for, in exchange for)• Cause, motivation, or benefit (for,
because of, on behalf of, for the sake of)
• Agent or cause of an action (by)• Por ciento = percent, por hora =
per hour• Por + infinitive = because of, for
reason of
• A destination (for, to)
• A purpose, goal, or objective (for, by)
• A point of view (for)
• A point of reference or comparison (for)
• Para + infinitive = in order to (verb)
ParaPor
Commands AR VERBS IR/ER VERBSUsted (Formal
form) e a
Ustedes (Plural form) en an
Infinitive Yo form Ud. Command Form
Salir Salgo Salga
Hacer Hago Haga
Poner Pongo Ponga
Decir Digo Diga
Venir Vengo Venga
Infinitive Yo form Ud. Command Form
Estar Estoy Esté
Dar Doy Dé
Ser Soy Sea
Ir Voy Vaya
Saber Sé Sepa
If the Yo form is irregular in the Present Tense, it will be irregular in the Formal & Plural command form.
With verbs that end in "Y" in the Yo form as well as Saber are very irregular
Pres. Perfects hehashahemoshan
Used with have, has, or had
He comido. I have eaten.
Has comido. You have eaten.
Juan ha pagado las cuentas.Juan has paid the bills.
Double Object PronounsGive it to meDa-me-loda’melo
Tell her itDi-le-loNO LELO!!Di’sela
Ya nos lo dijeron. - They already told it to us.
Véndamelos. - Sell them to me!
Se lo di a ella. - I gave it to her.
Direct Object Pronouns and Indirect Object Pronouns are placed either directly before a conjugated verb or attached to an infinitive
AdverbsAdd –mente to the end of a word to give it the ly feeling
Difícil = difícilmente
Some adverbs don’t always get the –mente and need to be memorized such as
bastantequitedemasiadotoomalbadlymuchoa lotmuyverynuncaneverpeorworsepocolittlesiemprealways
SubjunctiveSome common clauses that can be found that associate with subjunctive feelings
a menos que ...unless ...antes (de) que ...before ...con tal (de) que ...provided that ...cuando ...when ...conviene que ...it is advisable that ...después (de) que ...after ...dudar que ...to doubt that ...en caso de que ...in case ...
The subjunctive is not a tense; rather, it is a mood. Tense refers to when an action takes place (past, present, future), whilemood merely reflects how the speaker feels about the action. The subjunctive mood is rarely used in English, but it is widely used in Spanish.
Se impersonalUsed to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb
1) Se vende fruta en la fruteria
When using se the verb it is always in 3rd person
1) Aqui se habla espanol
Can be used in all tenses
1) Se hizo mucho2) Se hara mucho3) Se habia mucho
Progressive w/ ir andar seguir
Ir• + ando/iendo/yendo• Is slowly but surely_____ing
Andar • + ando/iendo/yendo• Is going around _____ing
Seguir (e>i) • + ando/iendo/yendo• Is still _____ing