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1
Spanish Grammar Book!
David Morrison
Period: 3
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Table of ContentsEl Pretérito…………………………………………………………………………………………….................................... 5 Trigger Words…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 -Car -Gar -Zar……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7 Spock Verbs………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8 Cucaracha Verbs……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9 Snake Verbs……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 Snakey Verbs………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11El Imperfecto………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12 Trigger words…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13 Irregulars………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14Preterite vs Imperfect……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15Ser vs Estar……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 16Verbs like Gustar…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17Comparative/Superlatives…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 18Transition Words…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19El Futuro ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 20 Trigger Words…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21 Irregulars…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 22
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Table of ContentsPor………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 23Para………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 24The Conditional…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 25 Irregulars…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 26Past Participle……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 27Present Perfect……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 28Past Perfect…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 29Present Perfect Subjunctive………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 30Tanto and Tan……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 31Impersonal ‘Se’……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32Saber vs Conocer………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 33Informal Commands……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 34Formal Commands……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... 35Nosotros Commands (w/ mono verbs)…………………………………………………………………………………. 36Subjunctive…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 37 Forming the Subjunctive………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 38 Irregulars……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39-40Impersonal Expressions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 41
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Table of ContentsSubjunctive with Verbs of Emotion……………………………………………………………………………………….. 42Subjunctive: Conjunctions of Time………………………………………………………………………………………… 43Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns…………………………………………………………………………. 44-45
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El Pretérito
Hablé Hablamos
Hablaste Hablastéis
Habló Hablaron
Escribí Escribimos
Escribiste Escribistéis
Escribió Escribieron
Comí Comimos
Comiste Comistéis
Comió Comieron
-ar
-ir
-er
When using the preterite, take off the -er, -ir, or -ar ending and replace it with the corresponding ending (in bold) in the charts provided.
Yo Nostotros
Tú Vosotros
El/Ella/Usted Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
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Tigger WordsPretérito English Translation
un día one dayuna vez once
ayer yesterdayanoche last night
hace un año a year agoya already
el mes pasado last monthanteayer day before yesterday
el … pasado (lunes, martes, etc.) last … (Monday, Tuesday, etc.)desde el primer momento from the first moment
a las ocho at eightel cinco de febrero on February fifth
dos veces twice
These words indicate that the preterite will be used.
7
Busqué Buscamos
Buscaste Buscasteis
Buscó Buscaron
Almorcé Almorzamos
Almorzaste Almorzasteis
Almorzó Almorzaron
Jugué Jugamos
Jugaste Jugasteis
Jugó Jugaron
-car
-zar
-garWhen using -car -gar -zar verbs in the preterite, take of the -car, -gar, or -zar ending and replace it with the corresponding ending (in bold) in the charts provided.
Yo Nostotros
Tú Vosotros
El/Ella/Usted Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
-CAR -GAR -ZAR
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SPOCK VERBS
VERDA
R
SER
IR
HACER
Hago Hacemos
Haces Hacéis
Hace HacenFui Fuimos
Fuiste Fuisteis
Fue Fueron
(D/V) i (D/V) imos
(D/V) iste (D/V) isteis
(D/V) io (D/V) ieron
Dar/Ver
Ir/Ser
Hacer
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Cucaracha VerbsAndar Anduv-
Estar Estuv-
Poder Pud-
Poner Pus-
Quere Quis-
Saber Sup-
Tener Tuv-
Venir Vin-
Conducir Conduj-
Producir Produj-
Taducir Traduj-
Decir Dij-
Traer Traj-
-e
-iste
-o
-imos
-isteis
-ieron
With these irregular verbs, in the preterite, change the root and add the appropriate ending.
rootending
Note: When the verbs ‘conducir’, ‘producir’, ‘traducir’, ‘decir’, and ‘traer’ are used in the thrid-person plural, take off the i in ‘ieron’.
-e
-iste
-o
-imos
-isteis
-eron
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Snake Verbse-ie e-i
Mentir Pedir
Preferir Servir
Divertir Competir
Divertirse Repetir
Sentirse Vestirse
If the first e in the verb in the present tense changes from e to i, then change the first e to i in the third person in the preterite.
Pedí Pedimos
Pediste Pedisteis
Pidió Pidieron
Mentí Mentimos
Mentiste Mentisteis
Mintió Mintieron
If the first e in the verb in the present tense changes from e to ie, then change the first e to i in the third person in the preterite.
11
Snakey VerbsFor verbs that end in -aer, -eer, -oír, and -oer, the él/ella/usted forms use the ending "yó" (rather than ió) and the third person plural uses the ending "yeron" (rather than ieron). The remaining forms gain a written accent over the letter "i."
CreerCreí creímos
creíste creísteis
creyó creyeron
Verbs that end in -uir change in the same way, but the written accent over the letter "i" only occurs in the yo form.
Exceptions to the Rule:traeratraerdistraer
Huirhuí huimos
huiste huisteis
huyó huyeron
CucarachaVerbs!
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El Imperfecto
Hablaba Hablamos
Hablabas Hablabais
Hablaba hablaban
Comía Comíamos
Comías Comíais
Comía Comían
-ar -er/-ir
Yo Nostotros
Tú Vosotros
El/Ella/Usted Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
When using the imperfect, take off the -er, -ir, or -ar ending and replace it with the corresponding ending (in bold) in the charts provided.
13
Trigger WordsImperfecto English Translation
a veces sometimes
mientras while
cada día every day
a menudo often
muchas veces many times
todos los días every day
siempre always
de vez en cuando once in a while
frecuentemente frequently
These words indicate that the imperfect will be used.
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Irregulars
Iba Íabmos
Ibas
Iba Iban
Veía Veíamos
Veías
Veía Veían
Era Éramos
Eras
Era Eran
ir ser
ver
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Preterite v. Imperfect
16
SERDescription -Es un lápizOrigin -Es de ArgentinaCharacteristics -Es altoTime -Son las dosOccupation -Es DoctorRelationship -Es mi papá
Possession -Es de mi madreEvent -Es en el cineDates -Es el lunes
ESTARPhysical Condition -It is a condition that can change, not a trait -Estoy muy triste porque saqué malas notas.
Location (Not Events) -Es de Argentina, pero ahora esta en los Estados Unidos.
Present Progressive Tense (-ing verbs) -Esta lloviendo.
V.
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Verbs Like Gustar
AburrirDoler
Caer (bien/mal)Quedar
Molestar
InteresarImportar
Fascinar
FaltarEncantar
Disgustar
Preocupar
Apetecer
Soprender
•When gustar is followed by one or more verbs in the infinitive, the singular form of gustar is always used•Gustar is often used in the conditional (me gustaría) to soften a request.
A Adela le encanta la música de Shakira.A mi me intresa la músic de otros países.A mis amigos les encantan las canciones de Maná.
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Comparatives/Superlatives
Type Spanish English
Superiority más... (que) more... than or ____er than
Inferiority menos… (que) less/fewer... than
Equality tan… comotanto… como
as… asas much/many as
Comparatives
Tan is used with adjectives and adverbs while tanto is used with nouns and verbs.
SuperlativesThey are formed with:
the definite article + noun + más or
menos + adjective
Ex: Carlos es la persona más inteligente que trabaja aquí.
Ex: Es la ciuEqualitydad menos interesante del mundo.
IrregularsComparative Superlative
Bueno Mejor(es) lo(s)/la(s) mejor(es)
Malo Peor(es) lo(s)/la(s) peor(es)
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Transition Words
Transition Word English Translation
Aunque Even though / Although
También Also
Mientras While
A pesar de In spite of
Pero But
Por lo tanto Therefore
Sin embargo / No obstante Nevertheless
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El Futuro
Yo Nosotros
Tú Vosotros
El/Ella/Usted Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
Infinitive + é Infinitive + emos
Infinitive + ás Infinitive + éis
Infinitive + á Infinitive + án
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Trigger WordsSpanish English Translation
Mañana Tomorrow
La proxima día The next day
Éste … (Lunes, Martes, etc.) This Monday, Tuesday, etc.
La proxima semana Next week
En ____ días In _______ days
Mañana pasado The day after tomorrow
En ______ (semanas, años, etc.) In ______ (Weeks, years, etc.)
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Irregulars
Decir Dir-
Hacer Har-
Poner Pondr-
Salir Saldr-
Tener Tendr-
Valer Valdr-
Venir Vendr-
Poder Podr-
Querer Querr-
Saber Sabr-
Caber Cabr-
Haber Habr-
-é
-ás
-á
-emos
-éis
-án
With these irregular verbs, in the future tense, change the root and add the appropriate ending.
root
ending
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Por•Passing through
Caminó por la calle.General rather than specific location
Se encuentra por ahí.How long something lasts
Estuvo enfermo por siete días.The cause of something
Por su culpa, no fuimos al cine.An exchange
Cambió su auto por uno nuevo.Doing something in place of or instead of someone else
Hoy por tí, mañana por mí.A means of Transportation
Viajaron por barco hasta Tierra del Fuego.
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ParaFor whom something is done
Compraremos un regalo para Sara.Destination
Francisco tomó el avión para San Juan.The purpose for which something is done
Compré anteojos para ver mejor.To express an opinion
Para mi, los ejercicios son fantásticos.To contrast or compare
Para la maestra de español, no sabe mucho de los matematicas.To express idea of a deadline
Hay que terminar la tare para mañana.
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THE CONDITIONALThe conditional is used to express probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture, and is usually translated as would, could, must have or probably.
Infinitive + ía Infinitive + íamos
Infinitive + ías Infinitive + íais
Infinitive + ía Infinitive + ían
To express speculation about the past Aquél día correrían más de veinticinco kilómetros. To express the future from the perspective of the past Yo sabía que abrirían la tienda a las siete. To express hypothetical actions or events which may or may not occurSería interesante estudiar chino. To indicate what would happen were it not for some certain specific circumstanceYo viajaría pero no tengo dinero. For polite use to soften requests Por favor, ¿podría decirme a qué hora abre la gasolinera? To ask for advice ¿Cuál compraría Ud.? For reported speech: Juan dijo que terminaría el trabajo. To express what would be done in a particular situation¿Hablarías inglés en España? No. Hablaría español.
Uses of the Conditional
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IRREGULARSDecir Dir-
Hacer Har-
Poner Pondr-
Salir Saldr-
Tener Tendr-
Valer Valdr-
Venir Vendr-
Poder Podr-
Querer Querr-
Saber Sabr-
Caber Cabr-
Haber Habr-
-ía
-ías
-ía
-íamos
-íais
-ían
With these irregular verbs, in the future tense, change the root and add the appropriate ending.
*Note that these irregulars are the same as the future tense
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Past Participle-ar Verbs -er -ir Verbs
Drop ending, add -ado
Drop ending, add -ido
Abrir Abierto
Cubrir Cubierto
Decir Dicho
Escribir Escrito
Freír Frito
Hacer Hecho
Morir Muerto
Poner Puesto
Resolver Resuelto
Romper Roto
Ver Visto
Volver Vuelto
Irregulars
Most past participles can be used as adjectives. Like other adjectives, they agree in gender and number with the nouns that they modify.
The past participle can be combined with the verb "ser" to express the passive voice. Use this construction when an action is being described, and introduce the doer of the action with the word "por.“La casa fue construida por los carpinteros.
Note that for -er and -ir verbs, if the stem ends in a vowel, a written accent will be required.creer - creídooír - oídoNote: this rule does not apply, and no written accent is required for verbs ending in -uir. (construir, seguir, influir, distinguir, etc.)
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Present Perfect
He Hemos
Has Habéis
Ha Han+ Past Participle
Expresses actions that have happened recently and/or actions that still hold true in the present
Abrir Abierto
Cubrir Cubierto
Decir Dicho
Escribir Escrito
Freír Frito
Hacer Hecho
Morir Muerto
Poner Puesto
Resolver Resuelto
Romper Roto
Ver Visto
Volver Vuelto
Irregular Past Participles
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Past Perfect
Había Habíamos
Habías Habíais
Había Habían+ Past Participle
Expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.
Abrir Abierto
Cubrir Cubierto
Decir Dicho
Escribir Escrito
Freír Frito
Hacer Hecho
Morir Muerto
Poner Puesto
Resolver Resuelto
Romper Roto
Ver Visto
Volver Vuelto
Irregular Past Participles
30
Present Perfect SubjunctiveThe present perfect subjunctive is formed by using the present subjunctive of the helping verb haber with the past participle
Haya Hayamos
Hayas Hayáis
Haya Hayan
+ Past Participle
The present perfect subjunctive is used in the same types of clauses as the present subjunctive, and normally is used to indicate the action as completed with governing verbs in the present or future tense or command forms.
Me alegro de I'm glad she (has) arrived. Dudo I doubt she (has) arrived. Niego I deny she (has) arrived. que ella haya llegado.Es posible It's possible she (has) arrived. Lo haré después I'll do it after she has arrived. No lo hagas a menos Don't do it unless she has arrived.
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Tan is used with adjectives and adverbs while tanto is used with nouns and verbs.
Equality tan… comotanto… como
as… asas much/many as
Tanto and Tan
Tanto can also be feminine and plural. (Tanto, tanta, tantos, tantas)
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Impersonal ‘Se’Use ‘se’ to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.
Se vende fruta en la frutería.
When using ‘se’, the verb is always in the third person
Aquí se habla español.
‘Se’ can be used in all tensesSe hizo muchoSe hará muchoSe habia hecho
33
Saber vs ConocerSaber
To express knowledge or ignorance of a fact or information about something
To express knowledge or ignorance of a skill, or how to do something, use saber + infinitive.
To say that you know something by heart.
Conocer
To say that one is or is not acquainted with a person, a place, or an object
Saber y Conocer
To express knowledge or ignorance of a subject or learning discipline, use saber or conocer, depending upon the context.Saber– to knowConocer– To be familiar with
Summary
saberto know a fact, to know something thoroughly, to know how to do somethingconocerto be acquainted with a person, place, or thing
INFORMAL COMMANDSInformal commands are formed differently depending on whether the command is positive or negative.
Forming the Command Forming the CommandThe affirmative informal (tú) commands are formed the same way as the present indicative Ud. form.
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
The negative informal (tú) commands are formed the same way as the present subjunctive tú form. Add the word no before it.
Irregulars
Irregulars
decir - di salir - sal
hacer - haz ser - sé
ir - ve tener - ten
poner - pon venir - ven
Irregulars
Irregulars are the same as the irregulars of the present subjunctive. (see pages 39-40)
DOP + IOP PlacementAdd DOP and IOPs to the end of the command. Ex: comprala
Add DOP and IOPs between no and the command. Ex: No la compres
DOP + IOP Placement
34
35
FORMAL COMMANDSAll formal commands are formed the same way as the Ud. form of the present subjunctive. (see pages 39-40)
To make the command negative, simply add the word no right before the command. (duh) Ex: No compre
Irregulars are the same as those in the subjunctive. (see pages 39-40)
IRREGULARS NEGATIVE
DOP + IOP PLACEMENT
For affirmative commands DOPs and IOPs are attached to the end of affirmative commands. In negative commands, they are added between the no and the command.
Nosotros CommandsAll nosotros commands are formed the same way as the nosotros form of the present subjunctive. (see pages 39-40)
To make the command negative, simply add the word no right before the command. Ex: No compremos
Irregulars are the same as those in the subjunctive. (see pages 39-40)
Irregulars Negative
DOP + IOP PlacementNegativeAffirmative
Reflexive, object and indirect object pronouns are added to the end of the command
An accent mark must be added to preserve pronunciationEx: Comer + lo -> Comámoslo
'Mono' verbs:When adding nos to an affirmative nosotros command, you must take off the last -s in the verb (command).Ex: Olvidar + nos -> Olvidémonos (Not: Olvidémosnos)
Adding "se":When adding the pronoun se, the last -s must be removed from the verb (command).Ex: Prestar + se + la -> Prestémosela. (Not: Prestémossela)
Reflexive, object and indirect object pronouns are added between the no and the command.Ex: Comer + lo (Negative) -> No lo comamosSince the pronouns are not attached to the command, there is no need for dropping and letters or adding any accent marks.
Mon
o Ve
rbs
36
37
The subjunctive is not a tense; rather, it is a mood. Tense refers to when an action takes place (past, present, future), while mood merely reflects how the speaker feels about the action.
The subjunctive mood is used to express everything except certainty and objectivity: things like doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity, etc.
Because there must be some uncertainty or subjectivity to warrant the use of the subjunctive, you will usually see it in sentences that contain a main clause which introduces a quality of uncertainty or subjectivity.
If you encounter a sentence with a main clause followed by a second clause, and the main clause does not introduce a quality of certainty or objectivity, the sentence will usually use the subjunctive mood in the second clause, since the sentence will not be reporting something certain.
If you encounter a sentence with a main clause followed by a second clause, and the main clause introduces a quality of certainty or objectivity, the sentence will use the indicative mood in the second clause, since the sentence will be reporting something certain.
Subjunctive
38
Start with the yo form of the present indicative• Comer -> Como
Then drop the –o ending• Como -> Com-
Finally, add the (opposite) ending • Com- -> Coma, Comas,
Comamos, etc.
-e -emos
-es -éis
-e -en
-ar Verbs
-a -amos
-as -áis
-a -an
-er -ir Verbs
Forming the Subjunctive
The formula also works for verbs that have irregular "yo" forms in the present indicative.
conocer (yo conozco)conozco - o = conozcconozc + a = conozcaconozc + as = conozcasconozc + a = conozcaconozc + amos = conozcamosconozc + áis = conozcáisconozc + an = conozcan
For -ar and -er stem-changing verbs, the formula applies except that there is no stem change in the nosotros and vosotros forms.
pensar (yo pienso)pienso - o = piens
piens + e = piensepiens + es = piensespiens + e = piensepens + emos = pensemospens + éis = penséispiens + en = piensen
For -ir stem-changing verbs, the formula applies except that the stem change in the nosotros and vosotros forms follows these patterns: o:ue verbs change o to u; e:ie verbs change e to i; e:i verbs change e to i.
dormir (yo duermo)duermo - o = duerm
duerm + a = duermaduerm + as = duermasduerm + a = duermadurm + amos = durmamosdurm + áis = durmáisduerm + an = duerman
Zar -Car -Gar Verbs• For verbs that end in -zar, the z changes to c
when it comes before the e.• For verbs that end in -car, the c changes to qu
when it comes before the e.• For verbs that end in -gar, the c changes to gu
when it comes before the e.
pagarpaguepaguespaguepaguemospaguéispaguen
Forming the Subjunctive- Irregulars39
For verbs that end in -ger or -gir, the g changes to j when it comes before the letter a.
escogerescojaescojasescojaescojamosescojáisescojan
For verbs that end in -guir, the gu changes to g when it comes before the letter a.
seguir (e:i)sigasigassigasigamossigáissigan
For verbs that end in uir, add the letter y before the letter a.
huirhuyahuyashuyahuyamoshuyáishuyan
Dar- To give Estar- To be Haber- To have Ir- To go Saber- To know Ser- To bedé esté haya vaya sepa seades estés hayas vayas sepas seasdé esté haya vaya sepa seademos estemos hayamos vayamos sepamos seamosdeis estéis hayáis vayáis sepáis seáisden estén hayan vayan sepan sean
Forming the Subjunctive- Irregulars40
41
Impersonal Expression English Translation
Conviene que ... It is advisable that ...
Es aconsejable que ... It is advisable that ...
Es bueno que ... It's good that ...
Es difícil que ... It's unlikely that ...
Es dudoso que ... It's doubtful that ...
Es fácil que ... It's likely that ...
Es fantástico que… It’s fantastic that…
Es importante que… It’s important that…
Es imposible que… It’s impossible that…
Es improbable que… It’s unlikely that…
Es incierto que… It’s uncertain that…
Es increíble que… It’s incredible that
Es (una) lástima que… It’s a shame that…
Impersonal Expression English TranslationEs mejore que… It’s better that…
Es menester que… It’s necessary that…
Es necesario que… It’s necessary that….
Es posible que… It’s possible that…
Es preciso que… It’s necessary that…
Es preferible que… It’s preferable that…
Es probable que… It’s likely that…
Es raro que… It’s rare that…
Es redículo que… It’s ridiculous that…
Es terrible que… It’s terrible that…
Más vale que… It’s better that…
Puede ser que… It could be that….
Es malo que… It’s bad that…
Impersonal ExpressionsHere is a list of common impersonal expressions that introduce an aspect of uncertainty or subjectivity, and therefore trigger the use of the subjunctive.
42
Common verbs of expression
Alegrarse (de)
Esperar
Sentir (e:ie)
Sorprender
Temer
Es triste
Ojalá (que)
Subjuncti ve With Verbs of Emoti onThe subjunctive is made of a main clause and a subordinate clause. The main clause may contain a verb of emotion such as hope, joy, surprise, fear, and pity. The subordinate clause contains the subjunctive.
Main Clause Connector Subordinate Clause
Nos alegramos de que te gustan las flores.
Siento que tú no puedas venir.
Le sorprende que Juan sea tan joven.
Emotion Infinitive
Temo llegar tarde.
I’m afraid of arriving late.
Emotion Subjunctive
Temo que Mis estudiantes llegueren tarde.
I’m afraid that My students will arrive late.
When there is no change in the subject, use an infinitive.
When there is a change in the subject, use the subjunctive.
Trig
ger
wo
rds
->
43
Subjunctive: Conjunctions of TimeThe following adverbial conjunctions deal with time, and are followed by the subjunctive when the main clause is a command or in the (potential) future. If they introduce one which is viewed as completed or habitual, they are followed by the indicative instead.
Conjunction Translationa medida que as, according ascuando whendado que granted that, in case
that
después (de) que afteren cuanto as soon ashasta que untilluego que as soon asmientras whilenada más que as soon aspor más ... que no matter how much,
however much
por mucho que no matter how much, however much
siempre que whenever, every time that
tan pronto como as soon as
Subjunctive Indicative
Me lavaré los dientes después de que comamos. I'll brush my teeth after we eat.
Siempre me lavo los dientes después que comemos.I always brush my teeth after we eat.
Trabajaremos mientras ellos descansen. We will work while they rest.
Trabajamos mientras ellos descansan. We work while they rest.
44
Demonstrative Adjectives and PronounsSpanish has three demonstrative words
Ese This
Este That
Aquel That one over there
Juan reads this book. (adjective)Juan lee este libro.
Juan reads this. (pronoun)Juan lee este.
That statue is Greek.Esa estatua es griega.
That (one) is American.Esa es americana.
In English, we say "this" or "that" depending upon whether the object is close to us or not. In Spanish, we also say "this" and "that," but there is another, separate word used to mean "that one over there." This form is used when the object is more than just a short distance away, for example, on the other side of the room. Here are the three forms for "this" "that" and "that one over there."
These words can function ad adjectives or pronouns depending on how they are used.
45
Demonstrative Adjectives and PronounsThe demonstrative adjectives also have four forms:este libro (this book)estos libros (these books)esta pluma (this pen)estas plumas (these pens)
ese libro (that book)esos libros (those books)esa pluma (that pen)esas plumas (those pens)
aquel libro (that book over there)aquellos libros (those books over there)aquella pluma (that pen over there)aquellas plumas (those pens over there)
Here are the corresponding demonstrative pronouns:este (this one - masculine)estos (these ones - masculine)esta (this one - feminine)estas (these ones - feminine)
ese (that one - masculine)esos (those ones - masculine)esa (that one - feminine)esas (those ones - feminine)
aquel (that one over there - masc.)aquellos (those ones over there - masc.)aquella (that one over there - fem.)aquellas (those ones over there - fem.)
Each demonstrative pronoun also has a neuter form. They do not change for number or gender, and they are used to refer to abstract ideas, or to an unknown object.esto (this matter, this thing)eso (that matter, that thing)aquello (that matter/thing over there)