o;a; f;dr;=re fjki y`ÿkd .ekSu i`oyd my; ±lafjk rEm i,ld n,uq'

'fuu rEmh fjkafjka jYfhka .;aúg woyila ,nd .; fkdyels h' tfy;a .e<mSula iys; j tlalsÍfuka fuys isákafka mjq,l idudðlhka nj wmg jegfya

o;a; f;dr;=re fjki

1'2 moaO;shl ix>gl

• moaO;shla hkq hï lsis ld¾hla bgq lr .ekSu i`oyd ix>gl lsysmhla tlsfklg iïnkaO j l%shd lsÍuhs‘

• Wod-mß.Klh" wm úiska ,nd fokq ,nk o;a; wmf.a úOdkhkag wkqj ilia lr wmg wjYH f;dr;=re wjYH wdldrhg ,nd fohs'

tneúka mß.Klh moaO;shla f,i ye`Èkaúh yels h'

mß.Kl moaO;shl ix>gl

moaO;s i|yd WodyrK

• WÞyrK 1 - nexl= moaO;sfhys fhdod .kakd iajhxl%Sh fg,¾ hka;%h (ATM)

WÞyrK 2 - meñKSu jd¾;d lsÍu i`oyd wdh;kj, Ndú; flfrk weÕs,s

i,l=Kq hka;%h

mqj;am;aj, iy iÕrdj, Ndú; jk lsõ wd¾ fla;h (QR Code)

WÞyrK 4 - fjf<|fmd< f;dr;=re ieliSu

1'3 f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh hkq

• o;a; ilia lr f;dr;=re njg m;a lsÍug;a" tajd yqjudre lr .ekSug;a ;dlaIKh úúOdldrfhka fhdod .efka' fuh f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh kï fõ'

1'4 f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha fhojqï

1'4'1 b -- rdcfha fhojqï (e - Government)

• rchla" f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh fhdod .ksñka ;u rfgys mqrjeishka" iud.ï" rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk iy fjk;a rgj, rdcHhka iu. iïnkaO;d meje;aùu b-rdcHh f,i oelaúh yels h‘

• WÞyrK-• Y%S ,xld rcfha fjí msgqj" rdcH• f;dr;=re flakaøh" f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok

;dlaIKh wdh;kh (ICTA)

b - rdcHfha iïnkaO;d (http://www.gov.lk)

1'4'2 wOHdmk lafIa;%fha fhojqï

tod wo

wOHdmkh i|yd f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh

1'4'2 wOHdmk lafIa;%fha fhojqï

• a) mka;s ldurfha §• mß.Kl wdY%s; iu¾mk (Presentations)• mÍlaIK iys; ùäfhda o¾Yk• mß.Kl weiqfrka ks¾udK lsÍu ^msx;+r iy

úäfhda ilia lsÍï&• iÕrd" ,sms" f,aLk ilia lsÍu iy uqøKh lsÍu• wOHdmksl l%Svd• CD-ROM udOHfhka f;dr;=re wOHhkh• wka;¾cd,h Tiafia wOHdmksl f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu

• b) ´kE u ;ekl § ´kE u fõ,djl § wOHdmkh ,eîu

• www.schoolnet.lk• keKi, (nenasala.lk)• b-;lai,dj• (www.e-thaksalawa.moe.gov.lk/)• fjí mdGYd,d• (www.edulanka.lk/Web-Patashala)• úÿ ux fm; (www.vidumanpetha.com) w

• tfiau ksjfia isg wka;¾cd,h fhdod .ksñka .=rejrfhl= yd iïnkaO ùug (Web Based Training (WBT) yd Web Based Learning) ;=<ska jeä ÿr wOHdmkh ,eîug Tng yelshdjla ,eî we;' tu.ska .ukd.uk wmyiqj iy úhou wjuùu" ld,h b;sß ùu iy úvdj wju ùu jeks jdis /ila ,efí'

• c) b.ekaùu i|yd .=rejrhdg wdOdrlhla ùu

• úia;r lr §ug wmyiq mdvï i|yd rEm igyka" iÔùlrK iy ùäfhda o¾Yk fmkaùu'• bf,lafg%dksla iu¾mk (Presentations) fhdod .ksñka úIhhg wdl¾IKhla we;s lsÍu iy mejreï ,nd §u'• mß.Klh fhdod .ksñka mdvï igyka ilia lsÍu'• wka;¾cd,h u.ska úIhhg wod<

f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu w

• d) bf.kqï l<ukdlrKhmdi,a wOHdmk l<ukdlrKh iy Wiia wOHdmk l<ukdlrKh i|yd bf.kqï l<ukdlrK moaO;shla (Learning Management System) fhdod .ekSu fndfyda rgj, olakg we; ' fuu moaO;shla yd iïnkaO ùug wka;¾cd, myiqlï ;sìh hq;= w;r mdi, fyda wdh;kh fyda i;= fjí wvúfha ,shdmÈxÑ úh hq;= h'

• e) ieug u Wiia wOHdmkhg <Õd ùfï yelshdj

• ud¾.ia: ÿria: wOHdmkh (Online Distance Learning) u.ska ´kE u rgl isg ;ukag leu;s wdldrfha wOHdmk wdh;khla yd iïnkaO ùu ;=<ska b;d wvq úhoulska Wiia mdGud,djla yeoEÍug Tng;a yelsh‘

• ÿria: wOHdmkfha .;s ,laIK• • ffoksl ld, igyka ke;s w;r myiq

ia:dkhl isg wOHdmkh yeoEÍug we;s yelshdj

• mdGud,d ,shdmÈxÑfha § ,nd fok wxls; mqia;ld, iïnkaO;dj

• ud¾..; (online) mejreï iy m%Yakdj,s• ud¾..; .=rejrfhl= yd iïnkaO ùfï

myiqlï• WmfoaYk fiajd myiqlï ,nd .ekSug

we;s yelshdj

1'4'3 fi!LH lafIa;%fha fhojqï

• 1' ffjoH mÍlaIK i|yd f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Ndú;h

• frda. y÷kd .ekSug iy m%;sldr ,nd §ug iu;a b;d ÈhqKq ;dlaIKfhka hqla; hkaf;%damlrK úYd, m%udKhla fï jk úg ksmojd we;' fuu.ska frda.h W;aikak ùug fmr frda.h y÷kd .ekSug o iqÿiq m%;sldr i|yd fhduq ùug o yels ù we;' bka iuyrla fufia h

• WodyrK 1 - mß.Kl.; wdlaIl YÍr ia;r tlaiaf¾ hka;%h

• (CAT - Computerized Axial Tomography Machine)

• fuu.ska YÍrfha wNHka;r fldgia fjka fjka jYfhka ;%sudK f,i rEm .; lrhs

• -CAT hka;%h - ;%sudK f,i PdhdrEm

• WodyrK 2 - pqïnl wkqkdo uQ¾;k hka;%h

(MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging Machine)f¾äfhda ;rx. iy m%n, pqïnlwkqkdo ^fodaxldr&u.ska YÍrfha wNHka;rfldgiaj, iúia;rd;aulrEm igyka ,nd .ekSufuu hka;%h u.ska isÿfõ'

• WodyrK 3 - úoHq;a ;ka;= f¾Çh hka;%h - (ECG - Electrocardiogram Machine)

yDo iamkaokh ksÍlaIKh lsÍu i|yd fuu hka;%h fhdod.efka' yDofha isg YÍrfhawfkl=;a bkaøshhka fj; reêrh iemhSfï§ yDofha we;s jk úoHq;a iamkaokhg wkqj ksmojk ;rx. m%ia;dßl lvodishl igyka ùu fuys § isÿ fõ'

• WodyrK 4 - yDofrda. ;sr .ekaùfï hka;% -(Cardiac Screening Machine)

yDofha l%shdldß;ajh mß.Kl ;srhl oelaùufuu hka;%h u`.ska isÿfõ' yDofha reêr kd,isyska ùu jeks úúOwdidok ;;a;ajhkay`ÿkd .ekSug yels ùfuka wjYH m%;sldri|yd fhduq lsÍug fïksid myiq fõ'

• yDo frda. ;sr yDo frda. ;sr .ekaùfï hka;%h .ekaùfï igyk

• WodyrK 5 - úoHq;a ksl¾mr f¾LK hka;%h

(EEG - Electro – Encephalography)fud<fha l%shdldß;ajh igyka lsÍu i|yd fuh fhdod .kq ,nhs' ysia ln,g w,jk ,nk" m%udKfhka l=vd" f,day ;eá ^úoHq;a w.%& u.ska fud<fhkaksl=;a lrkq ,nk úoHq;a iamkaok .%yKh lr fud<fha l%shdldß;ajh rEmjdyskS ;srhl igyka lrkq ,nhs' frda.shd wjÈfhka fuka u ksod isák úg o fuu hka;%h u.ska wjYH igyka ,nd fohs'

EEG hka;%h rEmh EEG igyk

• WodyrK 6 - reêrfha iSks mÍlaId lsÍfï WmlrKh(Blood sugar testing machine)

reêrfha iSks mÍlaIdj i|yd fhdod .kakd fuu WmlrKh u.ska reêr idïm,h mÍlaId lr reêrfha we;s iSks ;;a;ajh fmkakqï lrhs'

• WodyrK 7 - reêr mSvkh uksk hka;%h

(Blood Pressure Testing Machine )w;a m<|kdjlg iudk fuu hka;%h frda.shd úfõlS j fuka u l%shdldÍ j isák úg o me<| isàfuka wjia:djg wkqj reêr mSvkfha fjkia ùu uek .; yels h'

• 2' ÿria: fi!LH /ljrKh (Telemedicine)

f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh fhdod .ksñka frday,lska msg; ia:dkhl isák frda.sfhl= ksÍlaIKh lsÍu fyda frda.shd wi, isák fi!LH fiajlfhl=f.ka fyda ffjoHjrfhl= u.ska m%;sldr lsÍu ÿria: fi!LH /ljrKh (Telemedicine) fõ' fuh frday,a úfYaI{ uOHia:dkhl isák úfYaI{ ffjoHjreka f.a yd frda.shd wi, isák fyÈhka fyda ffjoHjreka yd ine¢hdjla mokï lr .;a ikaksfõok cd,hls fuhska Tng we;s jdis /ils' bka lsysmhla fufia oelaúh yels hs'

• WodyrK 1 - ÿria: fi!LH Wjgeka• (Remote Clinical Care)frda.shl=g m%Odk frday,la yd iïnkaO ùugfkdyels jQ wjia:djl ^k.rfhka neyer m% foaYhl §" .=jka hdkdjl § fyda .uka kejl §& tu ia:dkfha isák frday,a mqyqKqj ,enQ fi!LH ks<Odßfhl= úiska ikaksfõok cd,hg iïnkaO fjñka frday,a úfYaI{jrfhl=f.a Wmfoia wkqj yÈis m%;sldr ,nd § frday, fj; heùu '

fuhska we;s jdis

• WodyrK 2 - ksjfia isg wëlaIKhfrda.shd ksjfia r|jd Tyqf.a$wehf.a;;a;ajh mÍlaId lsÍu i|yd wka;¾ine¢mÍlaIK hka;%hla (Linked Home MonitoringSystem) fhdod .ekSu iy m%;sldr wjYH jQ úgfrday,a .; lsÍug wjYH ikaksfõok myiqlïwe;s lsÍu'

• WodyrK 3 - Wmfoia ,nd .ekSuúfYaI{ ffjoHjrhd frdayf,a fkdue;s wjia:dj, § oeä i;aldr tallhg wjYH Wmfoia úfYaI{ ffjoHjrhdf.ka ,nd .ekSug yels ùu'

WodyrK 4 - ÿria: Y,Hl¾uúfYaI{ ffjoHjreka fkdue;s frday,l ffjoHjrekayg yÈis Y,Hl¾uhla lsÍug wjYH wjia:djl § ikaksfõok cd,hg iïnkaO fjñka úfYaI{ ffjoHjrfhl=f.a ^msgrgl fyda k.rno isák& Wmfoia wkqj Y,H ffjoHjrfhl= úiska Y,Hl¾uh lsÍug yels ùu'

WodyrK 5 - ÿria: mqyqKqjfrday,a ld¾h uKav, mqyqKqfõ § b;dwdikak;u mqyqKq uOHia:dkhl ikaksfõokcd, iïnkaO;dj fhdod .ksñka fjk;a rglfyda k.rhl isák iïm;a Þhlfhl=f.kaúfYaI{ Wmfoia iy mqyqKqj ,nd .ekSug yelsùu'

1'4'4 lDIs l¾udka;fha fhojqï

• 1' f.dú;ekg f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh

• WodyrK 1• ld,.=K ñKqï hka;%fuu.ska ld,.=Kh" foaY.=Kh j¾Idm;kh" iq<x ÈYdj wd§ ;;a;ajhka fmkakqï lrkq ,nhs' ta wkqj fnda. j.djg iy wiajkq fk<Sug iqÿiq ld, jljdkqj ;SrKh lsÍug yels jkq we;'

• WodyrK 2• iajhxl%Sh l=reñ‚ md,k hka;%h• fuu hka;%h u.ska j.dj,g

l=reñKshkaf.ka jk ydks j<ld .; yels h'lDóka isák ÈYdj yd j¾Okh jk wdldrh mß.Kl ;srfhka kSÍlaIKh lsÍug fuu.ska yelshdj ,efí'

WodyrK 3j.d ìfuys ;;a;ajh uksk hka;%hfuu hka;%h u.ska j.d ìfuys ;;a;ajh^f;;ukh" ire ksire nj& mÍlaId lr fnda.i|yd iqÿiq nj ;SrKh lrkq ,nhs'

• WodyrK 4iajhxl%Sh c, iemhqu (Drip irrigation)iajhxl%Sh j l%shd lrk fuu hka;%h wm úiska ,nd fokq ,nk o;a;j,g wkqj l%shd lrñka j.d ìug wjYH c,h md,khlska hq;= j imhkq ,efí' tu ksid wkjYH c, mßfNdackh iy c,h fkdue;s ùfuka f.dú;eka úkdY ù hdu j<lajd .; yels ù ;sfí'

• WodyrK 5iajhxl%Sh j,a me< bj;alrKhj.d ìul fnda. w;r tyd fuyd.uka lrñka ,nd oS we;s Wmfoia wkqj fnda. iy j,a me< fjka lr y÷kd f.k j,a me< .,jd bj;a lsÍu i|yd fuu hka;%h m%fhdackhg .efka'

• WodyrK 6frdfnda ;dlaIKfhka me< isgqùuúYd, j.d ìul me< tyd fuyd f.k hdug;a me< w;r we;s mr;rh taldldÍ f,i mj;ajd f.k isgqùug;a fuu frdfnda hka;% fhdod .kq ,nhs'

• WodyrK 7• frdfnda ;dlaIKfhka wiajkq fk<SuksÍlaIKh u.ska fnda.fha ;;a;ajh mÍlaId lsÍu iy tu.ska jd¾;d ,nd .ekSug o" úYd, j.d ìul wiajkq fk<Sfï wmyiq;d u.yrjd .ekSu i|yd o fhdod .kakd frdfnda hka;% we;'

• WodyrK 8• yß;d.dr (Greenhouses) md,kh i|yd yß;d.dr md,kh i|yd f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSfuka j.djkag iqÿiq f,i wd¾ø;dj" wdf,dalh" c,h iy jd;h md,kh lrkq ,efí' b;d Wiia ;;a;ajfha ÿ¾,N fnda. ksIamdok fjf<| fmd<g tlalsÍug fï ksid yels ù ;sfí'

• 1'4'5 i;a;aj f.dúfmd< i`oyd fhojqïWodyrK 1• .=jka úÿ,s ix{d ye÷kqï WmlrKhi;=ka .Kkh lsÍu" y÷kd.ekSu iy isákd m%foaYh oek.ekSu i|yd i;=kaf.a YÍrfha .=jkaúÿ,s ix{d ye÷kqï (RFID-RadioFrequency Identification Device)WmlrKh iú lrkq ,nhs'

.=jka úÿ,s ix× ye÷kqï WmlrK(RFID-Radio Frequency Identification Device)

• WodyrK 2• ;;a;aj md,khiajhxl%Sh j t<fokqkaf.a fi!LH mÍlaIdj" lsß ,nd .ekSu" lsßj, ;;a;aj mÍlaIdj i|yd

• WodyrK 3• wdrlaIdj i|ydfidr i;=rkaf.ka o fjk;a Wmøjj,ska o f.dúfmd< wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd leurd ;dlaIKh mshejQ mßm: rEmjdyskS leurd (Closed Circuit TV (CCTV)) fhdod .kq ,efí' fkd/yeka (wireless) ;dlaIKh u.ska iïnkaO lr we;s úg f.dúfmd< msgia;r ia:dkhla isg o ksÍlaIKhl< yels h'

• WodyrK 4• f.dúm< l<ukdlrKh• f.dú uy;dg f.dúfmd< ms<sn| j

jd¾;d ;nd .ekSug;a" ,dN w,dN .Kkh i|yd;a" fiajlhskaf.a jegqma ms<sn| f;dr;=re .nvd lr ;nd .ekSug;a wka;¾cd,hg iïnkaO ù fj<|fmd< ;;a;ajh ksÍlaIKh lsÍug;a f;dr;=re yqjudre lsÍug;a ld,Sk f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug;a yels ù ;sfí'

• 1'4'6 ëjr l¾udka;fha §ëjr l¾udka;fha § fhdod .kq ,nk fuu ixfõol WmlrK uiqka isák m%foaY y÷kd .ekSfuka wk;=rej tu f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIK l%u Ndú;fhka ëjr hd;%dj, we;s mß.Kl fj; ,nd fohs'

• 1'4'7 l¾udka; iy jHdmdr i`oyd fhojqï

• b;d Wiia ;;a;ajfha ksIamdok ìys lsÍug;a" ñksia Y%uh wju f,i fhdod .ksñka úhou wvq lr .ekSug;a l¾udka; iy jHdmdr i|yd f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh fhdod .efka' fuu.ska mdßfNda.slhdg Wiia ;;a;ajfha ksIamdok wvq uqo,lg ,nd.; yels ù ;sfí'

tod l¾udka; i|yd fiajlhska úYd, msßilf.a Y%uh wjYH jQ kuq;a fï jk úg kùk ;dlaIKfhka ksmojd we;s frdfnda hka;%" ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod .kq ,nhs'

• WodyrK 1• ùäfhda iïuka;%Kùäfhda iïuka;%K (Video Conferencing) l%uh Ndú; lsÍu ksid úúO m%foaYj, isák jHdmdr idudðlhska iu. ixjdo meje;aùfï myiqj ,eî we;‘ fuu.ska iïuka;%K i|yd úfYaI ia:dkhla wjYH fkdùu" .ukd.ukh i|yd .; jk ld,h" Y%uh iy úhou wju lr .ekSug mq¿jk'

1'4'7 l¾udka; iy jHdmdr i`oyd fhojqï wod,j

• WodyrK 2• udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKhfiajlhskaf.a meñKSu igyka lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kakd weÕs,s i,l=Kq iqmsßlailh ^Finger Print Scanner& iy ldâ m;a lshjkh ^Card Reader& u.ska wdh;kfha idudðl;ajh y÷kd .ekSu" meñKSu yd msgùu" ksjerÈj igyka ùu" Bg wkqrEm j jegqma ieliSu" iqÿiqlï" ksjdvq .ekSï wd§ wfkl=;a úia;r we;=<;a lr ;eîu ksid wdh;k mßmd,kh myiq fõ'

• WodyrK 3• b-nexl= moaO;s (e-Banking System)• iajhxl%Sh fg,¾ hka;%h ^ATM& u.ska ´kE u• fõ,djl ´kE u ia:dkhl § uqo,a ,nd .ekSfï• yelshdj'• ³ wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO ù we;s neúka Y%S ,xldj• ;=< muKla fkdj fjk;a rgl isg fyda .kqfokq• lsÍfï yelshdj'• ³ b ¡ nexl= moaO;sh ;=< ,shdmÈxÑ ù we;s úg myiq• ia:dkhl isg Tnf.a cx.u mß.Klfhka" ÿrl:kfhka ì,am;a f.ùu"

nexl= w;r uqo,a yqjudrej" .sKqu mÍlaId lsÍu wdÈfhys yelshdj'

• WodyrK 4• ud¾..; idmamq ijdßh (Online

Shopping)• wka;¾cd,h Tiafia furg fyda msgrgl

we;s fjf<| wdh;k úiska NdKav fyda fiajd iemhSu;a "mdßfNda.slhka úiska NdKav fyda fiajd ñ, § .ekSu;a h'

• ud¾..; idmamq ijdßh we;s jdis• ´kE u rgl" wka;¾cd,fha we;s fjf<| wdh;khla f;dard .ekSug yels h'• 24 mefhys u újD; j ;sîu'• myiq ia:dkhl isg NdKav ksÍlaIKh lr weKjqï lsÍfï yelshdj'• yr ldâ m;a u.ska uqo,a f.ùfï myiqj'• NdKavh fyda fiajdj ksjig u ,nd .ekSfï myiqj' tneúka .uka úvdj ld,h hkdÈh b;sß lr .ekSug yelsùu' w

• 1'4'8 .ukd.ukh i|yd f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh

iajhxl%Sh md,k moaO;s• WodyrK 1• ² mshejQ mßm: rEmjdyskS leurd (Closed

Circuit• TV (CCTV))jdyk ;onoh" yÈis wk;=re iy kS;s úfrdaël%shdjka ksÍlaIKh lrñka iqÿiq wdldrfha l%shdud¾..ekSug fï ksid yelshdj ,eî we;'

• WodyrK 2 úÿ,s ix{d ,dïmq (Traffic Light Control System)iajhxl%Sh j l%shd;aul jk fuu moaO;sh k.r uxikaêj, olakg we;' fuu.ska jdyk iy mÈlhska yiqrejñka yÈis wk;=re wju lr .; yels ù we;'

• WodyrK 3• ye÷kqï ixfla; l%uhjdyk keje;aùfï wx.Khg msúiSfï wjirm;la jdykfha iúlr we;'jdyk keje;aùfï wx.Khg msúiSfï fodrgqfjys ia:dms; moaO;sh u.ska mÍlaId lr tuia:dkfha ,shdmÈxÑ ù we;s wxlhla kï muKla f.aÜgqj újD; lr fohs'ia:dkh wjysr fkdjk f,i mÍlaId lsÍu o iajhxl%Sh j l%shd;aul fõ'

ye÷kqï ixfla; l%uh

• 1'4'9 úfkdaodiajdoh i|yd fhoùï w

1'5 f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha wksis m%;sM,

weíneysùu - mdi,a orejl= fuka u fjk;a mqoa.,fhl= o m%udKh blaujd mß.Klh Ndú; lsÍfuka iy mß.Kl l%Svd lsÍfuka wOHdmk lghq;= u. yeÍ hdu iy úúO wmyiq;d ^wlaIs wdndO" fldkafoa wudre" ysfia lelal=u wd§h& we;s úu'

iudccd, ;=<ska fkd.e<fmk ñ;=rkaf.a weiqrg m;aùu'

1'5 f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha wksis m%;sM,

wka;¾cd, ffjri wdidok- wka;¾cd,h úêu;a f,i Ndú; fkdlSÍfuka mß.Kl ffjri ksid mß.Klh l%shd úrys; ùu fyda mß.Klhg ydks meñKùu'

wka;¾cd,fha fkd.e<fmk fjí msgq j,ska jk ydks- fïjdg iïnkaO ùu ksid udkisl úlD;s;d we;s ùfuka ;udg o iudchg o wjevla isÿ ùu'

fm!oa.,sl;ajhg ydks jk f,i msx;+r iy ùäfhda mg úlD;s lr ksmoùu

1'6 mß.Klfha mßKduh

1'6 mß.Klfha mßKduh

1'6 mß.Klfha mßKduh

2-mß.Klh y`ÿkd .ksuq'

• 2'1 mß.Klhla hkq l=ula o@mßYS,lhd úiska wdodkh lrkq ,nk fyda moaO;sh úiska /ialr .kq ,nk o;a;,nd f.k tu o;a; mßYS,lhd úiska § we;s Wmfoiaj,g wkqj ilia lrñka Tyqg$wehg wjYH wdldrfha f;dr;=re m%;sodkh lrk" úÿ,s n,fhka l%shd;auljk WmlrKhls n

fõ.h (Speed)-flá ld,hlska Wmfoia l%shd;aul lsÍfï yelshdj

ksrjoH;d-j (Accuracy)-,nd fok o;a; ksjeros kï f;dr;=reo ksjerosh

ld¾hlaIu;dj(Efficiency)-meh 24 mqrd tl f,i l%shd l< yel

nyqld¾h nj^Versatility&-tl úg úúO ld¾hka l< yel

o;a;$f;dr;=re iq/lSfï yd kej; ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj (Saving and Retrieving)

mß.Klfhys we;s úfYaI ,laIK

2'2 mß.Kl j¾.SlrKh

((i) iqmsß mß.Kl (Super Computers)(ii) uyd mß.Kl (Mainframe Computers)(iii) uOH mß.Kl (Mini Computers)(iv) fm!oa.,sl mß.Kl$ laIqø mß.Kl (Personal Computers / Micro Computers)

(I) m%;siu mß.Kl (Analog Computers)(II) ixLHdxl mß.Kl (Digital Computers)(III) ñY% mß.Kl (Hybrid Computers)

• (i) iqmsß mß.Kl (Super Computers)• fuu mß.Kl b;d n, iïmkak fõ' úoHd;aul

iy bxðfkare lghq;= i|yd o b;d ixlS¾K jQ .‚;uh .eg¨ úi£u i|yd o fhdod .efka ñ, wêl h' Wod- kdid ".+.,a jeks wdh;k úYd, jHdmdr iy hqO yuqod lghq;= i|yd fhdod .efka

(ii) uyd mß.Kl (Mainframe Computers)

iqmsß mß.Klj,g jvd fõ.fhka" n,fhka iy ñf,ka wvq h' mßYS,lhska úYd, m%udKhla" m¾hka; (Terminals) úYd, m%udKhla fhdod .ksñka tla mß.Klhlg iïnkaO fjñka o;a; iy f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .ekSu" ;ekam;a lsÍu iy kej; ,nd .ekSu fuysoS isÿ fõ• Wod-úYd, m%udKfha fjf<| wdh;k j,

Ndú; fõ'

(ii) uyd mß.Kl (Mainframe Computers)

(iii) uOH mß.Kl (Mini Computers)• uyd mß.Klj,g jvd fõ.fhka" n,fhka iy ñf,ka

wvq h' mßYS,lhska lsysm fofkl= úiska m¾hka; (Terminals) lsysmhla u.ska uOH mß.Klh yd iïnkaO fjñka o;a; yd f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .kq ,efí'

• Wod-nexl= moaO;s ;=< Ndú;d jk mrs.Kl

(iv) fm!oa.,sl mß.Kl$ laIqø mß.Kl/ (Personal Computers/ Micro

Computers)

fuu mß.Kl wvq Odß;djla iys; u;lhkaf.ka fukau m%udKfhkao fõ.fhkao ñf,kao" wvq h• Wod-Wl=,a mß.Kl iy fm!oa.,sl mß.Kl

2'2'3 ;dlaIKhg wkqj j¾. lsÍu

• (I) m%;siu mß.Kl (Analog Computers)mßirfha isÿ jk fjkia ùï ^fõ.h" fjda,aàh;dj" mSvkh" WIaK;ajh& jeks m%;siu ix{d (Analog signals) y÷kd .ksñka ta wkqj l%shd;aul jk mß.Kl fõ'Wod-fõ.udml" ixfõol iys; ud¾. ,dïmq ld,.=K ñKqï hka;%h

(II) ixLHdxl mß.Kl (Digital Computers)

wm tÈfkod Ôú;fha § mßyrKh lrkq ,nk mß.Kl fõ' fïjd ixLHdxl ix{d (Digital signals) y÷kd .ksñka "jevigyklg wkqj úÿ,s n,fhka l%shd lrhs'

(III) ñY% mß.Kl (Hybrid Computers)

• m%;siu mß.Kl (Analog Computers) iy ixLHdxl mß.Kl (Digital Computers) hk foj¾.fhys u iïñY%Khls

• Wod-ECG hka;%h^m%;siu ix{djla jk yDofha l%shdldÍ;ajh y÷kd .ksñkath ixLHd; ix{djla f,i mßj¾;kh lr tu ix{d uqøKh lsÍu fuu hka;%h u`.ska isÿ lrkq ,nhs&

2'3 mß.Kl moaO;sfha l%shdj,sh $mrs.Klfha ks¾ñ;sh

fjdka kshquka wdlD;sh

f,io y÷kajhs

2' 3 mrs.Klfha ks¾ñ;sh(Computer Architecture)

md,k tallh

wxl .Ks;uh yd ;d¾lsl tallh

wdodk Wmdx.

m%;sodk Wmdx.

m%Odk u;lh

RAM

oaú;Shsl u;lh

Control signalsData flow

uOH ieliqï tallh

Wod- fudksgrh

fjdka kshquka wdlD;sh

f,io y÷kajhs

wdodk Wmdx.hla u.ska wdodkh lrkq ,nk o;a; iy Wmfoia uq,ska u .uka lrkafka m%d:ñl u;lh fj; h' bka miq fuu o;a; ilia lsÍu i|yd uOHieliqï tallh fj; fhduq fõ' uOH ieliqï tallh úiska ilia lrk ,o o;a;iy Wmfoia" f;dr;=re f,i kej; fhduq jkafka m%d:ñl u;lh fj; h' tys § m%;sodk Wmdx.hla u.ska tu f;dr;=re m%;sodkh lrkq ,nhs' tfia u tu f;dr;=re;ekam;a lsÍu i|yd oaú;Shsl u;lh fj; fhduqùu o oaú;Shsl u;lfhys we;sf;dr;=re wjYH jQ úg kej; m%d:ñl u;lh yryd m%;sodkh ùu o isÿ fõ md,ktallh úiska mß.Kl moaO;shl we;s ish¨ Wmdx. fj; md,k ix{d ksl=;a lrkq,nhs‘by; igyfka fldgia w;r o;a; yd Wmfoia .e,Su lv brlska olajd we;sw;r md,k tAllh u.ska wfkl=;a fldgia fj; ksl=;a lrkq ,nk m%Odk md,k ix× ;ks brlska olajd we;'

2'4 mß.Klfha m%Odk fN!;sl ix>gl(Basic Physical Components of a Computer)

• 2'4'1 wdodk Wml%u (Input Devices)• mß.Kl moaO;sh fj; o;a; ,nd fokafka wdodk

Wml%u u.sks• (1) h;=re mqjrej (Keyboard)h;=re 101$102 isg h;=re 104 fyda 108 m%udKhka f.ka hq;a h;=re mqjre we;

• Tab,Caps lock,Shift, Print Screen sysrq, Scroll lock,pause break –Special keys - úfYAI jQ l%shdjka i`oyd jQ h;=re

• Ctrl,Alt,Insert,home,Page up,Delete ,end ,page down -Control keys - l¾irh yd mß.Kl ;srh md,kh lrk h;=re

• F1-F12 Function keys - iqúfYaI jQ l%shd i`oyd• muKla fhdod .efka Numeric keys - b,lalï h;=re ,shkh i`oyd fhdod .kakd h;=re• Typing keys - wl=re ,sùu i`oyd fhdod .kakd

h;=re--A-Z wdosh

• the pause key is commonly used momentarily to stop a computer game while the user steps away.

^»»& ±laùfï Wml%u (Pointing Devices)

• Wod 1 - uQislh (Mouse)

• Wod2 - iam¾Y ixfõ§ ;srh (Touch screen) fuh o oelaùfï Wmdx.hls'

iam¾Y mEvh

• Wod 3 - fufyhqï háh (Joy Stick)• fuho ujqih fuka oelaùfï Wml%uhls'fuh

mß.Kl l%Svd i|yd fhdod .kq ,nhs

• Wod 4 - wdf,dal mEk (Light pen)• mß.Kl ;srfha we;s fukq whs;u oelaùug

fyda ;srh u; we£ug fyda ,sùug fuh fhdod .efka mß.Kl wdY%s; ks¾udKCAD (Computer Aided Designing)j, § fhdod .kq ,nhs'

(iii) rEm iy ùäfhda wdodkh lsÍfï Wml%u(Imaging and Video Input Devices)

• Wod- 1 - äðg,a leurdj (Digital Camera)• Wod-2 - fjí leurdj (Webcam)wka;¾cd,h ;=<ska mß.Klh yd iïnkaO ù isák wfhl= o¾Ykh lr .ekSu fyda ùäfhda o¾Yk ,nd .ekSu i|yd fjí leurdj Wmfhda.S lr .kq ,nhs‘• Wod-3 - mshejQ mßm:

rEmjdyskS leurd(Closed Circuit TV CCTV)

(iv) iqmsßlail (Scanners)Wod-1 - me;,s ;, iqmsßlailh(Flatbed Scanners)Wod- 2 - ;Sre fla; lshjkh(Bar Code Reader)

(Digital Camera)

fjí leurdj (Webcam)

mshejQ mßm: rEmjdyskS leurd(Closed Circuit TV CCTV)

• Wod- 3 - pqïnl ;Ska; wkq,laIK lshjkh (Magnetic Ink Character Reader - MICR)

fplam;l we;s ksrjoH;dj mÍlaId lsÍu i|yd fuu Wml%uh fhdod .efka' fplamf;ys my; fldgfiys we;s wxl lshjd tys wvx.= f;dr;=re ^nexl= fla;h nexl= .sKqï wxlh& mß.Klh fj; wdodkh lrkq ,nhs'

• Wod- 4 - m%ldY wlaIr ixcdkkh• (Optical Character Recognition - OCR)msgq fndfyda .Kkla we;s f,aLk b;d flá ld,hlska iqmÍlaId (Scan) lr mß.Kl .; lsÍu iy mß.Kl .; lrk ,o f,aLkh ixialrKh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .efka'

• Wod 5 - m%ldY i,l=Kq ixcdkkh (Optical Mark Recognition - OMR)

mEfkka fyda mekai,fhka i,l=Kq lrk ,o fmdaru" úNd. nyqjrK W;a;r m;% wdÈh ,l=Kq lsÍu i|yd nyq, j fhdod .efka fuu.ska fmr ksYaph lrk ,o ia:dkj, we;s i,l=Kq lshjd i,l=K tys we;s njg mrs.Klh fj; o;a; wdodkh lrkq ,nhs'

• Wod 6 - Khm;a fyda yrm;a lshjkh$ iajhxl%Sh fg,¾ hka;%h

• (Automated Teller Machine - ATM)Khm;a fyda yrm;a lshjd tys we;s wxlmÍlaId lr wka;¾cd,h Tiafia thg wod< nexl=.sKqu yd iïnkaO mß.Klh fj; o;a; wdodkhlsÍfuka .kqfoKqj i|yd fhda.H;dj mÍlaIdflf¾' fuys m%;sodk Wml%uhla f,i ;srhla oiúlr we;'

• (v) uhsfl%dfmdakh (Microphone)• mß.Klhg Yíoh wdodkh lsÍu i|ydfhdod .efkk Wmdx.h uhsfl%dfmdakhhs'

2'4'2 m%;sodk Wml%u (Output Devices)

(i) uDÿ msgm;a (Soft Copy)- mß.Kl ;srh (ii) oDV msgm;a (Hard Copy)- uqøK hka;% (iii) Yío (Sound)- iamSl¾

(i) uDÿ msgm;a (Soft Copies)

• ;srh u; keröu i|yd muKla f;dr;=re m%;sodkh lr.ekSu fõ

Wod- 1 -mß.Kl ;srh (Monitor/ Screen)^oDYH m%o¾Yk tallh (Visual Display Unit-VDU) 2 - nyq udOH m%lafIamlh $m%fclagrh (Multimedia Projector)

mß.Kl ;sr j¾.

1 - lef;dav lsrK k<h iys; ;srh (Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor)2- øj iaMál m%o¾Ylh (Liquid Crystal Display - LCD)3 - wdf,dal úfudapl Èfhdav (Light Emitting Diode - LED)

2- øj iaMál m%o¾Ylh (Liquid Crystal Display - LCD)• fuh kuH iq¨ O%ejK folla w;rg iaMál

$m<sÕ= ødjKh tla lr ksmojd we;'

• C - wdf,dal úfudapl Èfhdav(Light Emitting Diode - LED)LCD ;srj, we;s iaMál$m<sÕ= ødjKh fjkqjg wdf,dalh úysÿjk Èfhdav fhdod we;fmdÿ ia:dkhkays ix{d" m%o¾Yl mqjre" fjf<| kdu mqjre wdÈfha Ndú;d fõ úÿ,s mrsfNdackh wvqh

• CRT;sr j,g idfmaËj LCD, me;,s ;sr j, ,ËK

• wvq bv m%udKhla .ekSu(Less space) wvq úÿ,s n,hla wjYH ùu( Less power consumption) ;srfha fi,ùu wvq nj (Lack of flicker) idfmaËj ñ, wêl nj (Expensive) o¾Ykh ùu iSñ; mrdihl ùu (Limited Viewing angle) m%;spdr oelaùu i`oyd jeä ld,hla .ekSu¡( Slower

response time)

Vs

• - nyq udOH m%lafIamlh $m%fclagrh (Multimedia Projector)

• .=rejrhdg b.ekajqï udOHhla f,i fhdod .; yels iu¾mk (Presentations) fmkaùug o" jHdmdr /iaùï meje;aùfï § o" úfkdaoh i|yd

ùäfhda o¾Yk keröug o fhdod .kq ,nhs n

(i) uDÿ msgm;a (Soft Copy) i|yd

(ii) oDV msgm;a (Hard Copy)tkï uqøK hka;% j,ska .kakd uqøK msgm;a fõ uqøK hka;% j¾.

(Printers)

;s;a kHdi uqølh fma<s uqølh

f,ai¾ uqøK hka;%h ;Ska; úÿï uqøK hka;

%h ;dm uqølh

1 - ;s;a kHdi uqølh(Dot Matrix Printer)fuu uqølfha ysi (head) fyda bÈlgq jeks ;=vq u.ska ;Ska; iys; ßnkh u; .efgñka l=vd ;s;awdldrfhka lvodish u; uqøKh flf¾

2 -fma<s uqølh (Line Printer)jrlg tla fma<sh ne.ska uqøKh lrk fuuuqølh fõ.j;a uqølhls' fõ.j;a fma<s uqølhlg úkdähg fma<s 3000 muK uqøKh lsÍfï yelshdj we;'

1' ix>Ügk uqøK hka;% (Impact Printers)^lvodish u; uqøK ysi .efgk wdldrfha &

1 - f,ai¾ uqøK hka;%h (Laser Printers)f,ai¾ loïnhla u`.ska ^levm;la yryd& wdfrdams; fnrhla (drum) u; oelaùu iy ta u;g ldá%chla ^Cartridge& we;s úh<s ;Ska; l=vq (Toner) m;s; ùu ;=<ska uqøKh isÿlrhs

2' ix>Ügkh fkdjk uqøK hka;%h(Non Impact Printers)

• 2 - ;Ska; úÿï uqøK hka;%h(Bubble/Ink Jet Printer)fuys§ ldá%chla (Cartridge) ;=< nyd we;s øj ;;a;ajfha ;Ska; (Liquid Ink) l=vd isÿre (Nozzles) ;=<ska lvodishg ú§u u.ska uqøKh isÿ lrhs'

3 - ;dm uqølh (Thermal Printer)fjf<| jHdmdr iajhxl%Sh fg,¾ hka;%h wdÈfhys ßisÜ m;a ksl=;a lsÍu iy f,an,a uqøKh i|yd nyq, j fhdod .efka'

4 - ,l=KqlrKh (Plotter)mß.Klh wdY%s; ie,iqï ks¾udKlrKfha § ^.Dy ks¾udK ie,iqï" k.r ie,iqï kdúl hd;%d ie,iqï jeks& nyq, j fhdod .kq ,nhs fuu m%;sodk Wml%uh u`.ska lvodish u; mEkla tyd fuyd .uka lrjñka ie,eiau m%;sodkh lrkq ,nhs'

2'4'3 uOH ieliqï tallh (Central Processing Unit - CPU)

mß.Klfha fud<h f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs úOdkj,g wkqj l%shd;aul jk w;r fufyhqï moaO;sh ^Operating System& iy fhojqï uDÿldx. ^Application Software& l%shd;aul lrkakd o fõfuys m%Odk jYfhka fldgia ;=kls

uOH ieliqï tAllfha fõ.h- fõ.h uksk tallh y¾Üia (Hertz - Hz& jk w;r tu fõ.h fu.dy¾Üia ^Megahertz - MHz& fyda .s.dy¾Üia ^Gigahertz - GHz& hk tallj,ska o ukskq ,nhs'

2'3'7 mß.Kl u;l (Computer Memory)

• (1) m%d:ñl u;lh (Primary Memory)• uOH ieliqï tAllhg fl,ska u m%fõY úh yels

u;lhhs fuys fldgia 3ls• 1 -iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh ^Random Access

Memory (RAM)ilia lsÍug fhduq lrk f;la o;a; ;djld,sl j r|jd ;nd .kS mß.Klfha úÿ,s n,h fkdue;s úg (Power off) o;a; uelShk neúka fuu u;lh kYH u;lh ^Volatile Memory& ls‘

• mGk ud;% u;lh -• Read Only Memory (ROM)fuys o;a; mß.Klfhys úÿ,s n,h fkdue;s úg uelS fkdhk neúka th kYH fkdjk u;lhls ^Non-volatile Memory& - mß.Klfha wdrïNl l%shdj,shg wjYH úOdk ;ekam;a lr we;af;a fuh ;=< h^nfhdia fkdfyd;a uQ,sl wdodk m%;sodkmoaO;s ^BIOS - Basic Input Output System& úOdkjk fïjd mß.Kl ksIamdok wdh;k úiska fuu u;lfha l=vd bvl ;ekam;a lr ujq mqjrejg iú lr we;&

• jdrl u;lh - Cache Memory• jdrl u;lh wfkl=;a u;l j,g jvd m

%udKfhka l=vd jqj;a b;d fõ.j;a fõ' fuh uOH ieliqï tall u;lh (CPU Memory& f,i o ye¢kafõ 'fuh kYH u;lhls

• uOH ieliqï tallh ^CPU& iy m%d:ñl u;lh ^Primary memory& w;r w;rueÈhd f,i fuh ks;r Ndú; jk o;a; r|jd ;nd .kS fuksid CPU ys fõ.h jeä fõ

n

jdrl u;lhL1,L2,L3

m%Odk u;lhRAM

w

fuu osYdjg hdfïoS u;l Odrs;dj wvq fõ kuq;a fõ.h jeä fõ

Processor

^»»& oaú;Shsl u;lh$ oaú;Shsl wdphkh(Secondary Memory)

o;a; yd f;dr;=re iaÒr j u ;ekam;a lrkq ,nk Wmdx.hhs' fuh ndysr wdphkh ^ExternalStorage& f,iska o ye¢kafõfuh úÿ,sh fkdue;s úg jqjo mj;sk neúka kYH fkdjk (non-volatile) u;lhls

^»»& oaú;Shsl u;lh (Secondary Memory)

• 1' pqïnl udOH Wml%u - (Magnetic Media Devices)

• Wod- 1 - oDV ;eáh (Hard disk)• wNHka;r fukau ndysr oDV ;eá o we;• Odrs;dj 250 GB - 4TB fyda Bg jeä úh yel

• oDV ;eáh (Hard disk)

;eáh (Platter)iamskav,h (Spindle)

YS¾Ilh (Head)

welapqfõg¾ ndyqj (Actuator arm)

úÿ,s iïnkaOlh (Power connector)

IDE iïnkaOlh (IDE Connector)

welapqfõg¾ (Actuator)

;eá lsysmhla iys; oDV;eáhla

• WÞyrK 2 - pqïnl máh (Magnetic Tape),sùfï iy lshùfï fõ.h wvq hf;dr;=re wdrlaId lr ;nd .ekSu i|ydmuKla u fhdod .efka' fuh nyq,j Ndú;hg.efkkafka i¾j¾ mß.Kl j, o;a; ydf;dr;=re Wmia: (back up) lsÍugh'

2' m%ldY udOH (Optical media)

• o;a; wxlsl f,i ;eáj, .nvd lr we;s w;r f,ai¾ lsrK uÕska o;a; lshùu yd ,sùu isÿjk neúka m%ldY udOH f,i ye¢kafõ

n

CD-ROM (Compact Disc - Read Only Memory)CD-R-(Compact Disc-Write once)CD-RW(Compact Disc Re-Writable)DVD – ROM -Digital Versatile Disc -Read Only MemoryDVD-R-(Digital Versatile Disc -Write Once)DVD-RW(Digital Versatile Disc -Rewritable)Blue-ray (BD) R(Recordable)Blue-ray RE (Recordable Erasable)Blue -ray 3D

(25 – 128 GB

4.7 - 9.4 GB

650 – 900 MB

>k ;;a;ajfha Wmdx. (Solid state devices)

• tyd fuyd .uka fkdlrk (Solid) wx.j,ska hqla; jk neúka fuf,i ye¢kafõ

• Wod- 1 - USB *a,EIa Odjlh

2-u;l ldâm;a (Memory card)äðg,a leurd" cx.u ÿrl;k wdosfha fhdod .efka^Wod-wdrlaId iys; wxls; ldâ (SD Card - Secure Digital Card)

l%shdldrlupqïNl uOH" m%ldY udOH yd >k ;;;ajfha udOHj, jdis wjdis ,shd olajkak'

pqïnl udOH wdphk Wmdx.j, jdis

• o;a; lshùfï fõ.h jeäh(Hard disk j,)• iuyr pqïnl udOH ,dNodhS ùu^pqïnl

má&• jeä o;a; m%udKhla ;ekam;a l< yels • wjdis• l,a h;au o;a; uelS hdfï wjodku• Hard disk tllska o;a; myiqfjka ;j;a Hard

disk tllg o;a; ,nd .ekSfï wmyiqj• ¥ú,s wdosfhka o;a; úkdY ùfï wjodku

m%ldY udOH j, jdis

• l,ameje;au jeäh'• idudkH CD j, kej; ,súh fkdyels ksid o;a;

fjkia l< fkdyels ùu• f;dr;=re i|yd blauKska m%fõY úh yels ùu

• wjdis• úfYAI o;a; lshùfï Odjlhla wjYH ùu• úYd, o;a; m%udKhla ;ekam;a l< fkdyels

ùu• Kej; ,súh yels CD j,g iEu Odjlhlau iyh

fkdoelaùu'

>K ;;ajfha Wmdx. j, jdis

• idfmalaIj b;d fõ.j;ah• l,ameje;au jeäh ^jir 10 lamuK&• c,hg Tfrd;a;= oSu

• wjdis• idfmalaIj ñ, jeäh• yosis úÿ,s weKysàï j,ska úkdY úh yels

yels ùu• kej; kej; o;a; ,súh yels jdr .Kk wvqùu

• mß.Klh iy mß.Kl Wmdx. fyda fjk;a mß.Kl tlsfkl iïnkaO lrk w;=re uqyqK;a flfjks f,i oelaúh yels h

• ish¨u flfjks ujq mqjrejg ^motherboard&

iïnkaO lr we;

2'5 mß.Klhl flfjks (Ports)

mß.Klhl flfjks hw

• PS/2 flfjks (Personal System/2)

h;=re mqjrej- oï meye;s flfjksh ujqih- fld< meye;s flfjksh

j¾;udkfha USB flfjksh o nyq,j fhdod .efka

• 2' iudka;r flfjksh (Parallel Port)• uqøK hka;%h mß.Kl moaO;shg

iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd Ndú; fõ fuh újr 25 lska hqla;h'

• fuh fjkqjg USB flfjksh o fhdod .efka

HDMI(High Definition Multimedia Interface) flfjksh

fuh mß.Kl ;srh ^Monitor&" nyqudOH m%lafIamlh(multi media projector)" äðg,a rEmjdyskS hka;% iy äðg,a Yío jdyskS hka;% iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kshs fuu.ska mrs.Klfhka tk äcsg,a ix×d tf,iskau fudksgrhg ,nd foa- tu ksid rEm j, .=K;ajh by, h' kuq;a VGA port u.ska fudksgrhg ,nd fokafka analog signals fõ'

4' cd,lrK flfjksh - RJ 45

• mß.Kl cd,hl we;s mß.Kl" cd, rjqgrh ^Network Router& yd cd, iaúph ^Network Switch& tlg iïnkaO lrkq ,nhs

• (RJ-45- Registered jack )

• 5' Yío Wmdx. flfjks (Audio Port/ Jack)ks,a mdg - Yío wdÞkh (Line In) cassette tape player, disc player wdosh iïnkaO lrhsfld< mdg - (Line Out) -iamSlrh "Head Phone^bia nkqj& wdosh frdai mdg - uhsl%f*daka (Microphone)

• 6' úYaj fY%a‚.; nia flfjksh• (USB - Universal Serial Bus Port)fuu.ska ujqi "h;=re mqjre wdoS wdodk iy m%;sodk Wmdx. fndfydauhla u mß.Klhg iïnkaO lrhs

USB flfjks j, úfYaI ,ËK

• fndfyda USB Wmdx. mrs.Klhg iú l, ú.iska l%shd lrhs ^Plug and Play) fuysoS Odjl/t,jqï (Drivers) jevigyka ia:dmkh (Install) lsrSfï wjYH;djhla fkdue;¡

• fndfyda USB Wmdx. i`oyd wjYH lrk úÿ,sh ,nd .ekSu isÿ lrkafka USB port tl yryduh

• mrs.Klh jid oeóulska f;drj USB wdldrfhka Wmdx. iú lsrSfï iy úikaê lsrSfï yelshdj (Hot pluggable /Hot swappable)

• tla USB flfjkshla u`.ska úúOdldrfha jQ Wmdx.hka 127 lg jeä ixLHdjla iïnkaO lsrSfï yelshdj

• USB 2.0 flfjksj, oS ;;amrhg fu.dìÜia 480 l(480 Mbps) fõ.hlska o;a; iïfm%aIKh lsrSfï yelshdj'

USB flfjks j, úfYaI ,ËK

• 7' ùäfhda flfjksh (Video Port) -VGA

fuh .%e*sla flfjksh^graphic port& f,i o y÷kajhs fuh újr 15 lska iukaú; h'mß.Kl ;srh fyda nyqudOH m%lafIamlh ^multimedia projector& mß.Kl moaO;shg iïnkaO lsÍug fhdod .kshs

• ndysrska iú lrk VGA Card lsysmhla my; oelafõ

8' fYa%Ks.; flfjksh (Serial Port)

mß.Klhla wka;¾cd,g iïnkaO lsÍui|yd fhdod .kq ,nk fudavuh ^modem&iïnkaO lsßug fhdod .efka-;=vq 9lsj¾;udkfha fuu fljksh fjkqjg USBflfjksh fhdod .efka'

DVI port-Digital Video Interface

fïjd Ndú;d lrkqfha LCD panel iy graphic card j,ska Wiia ;;ajfhka hq;= rEm ,nd .ekSug i|yd h

FireWire port

• fïjd IEEE 1394, f,io ye|skafõ' fuys fõ.h 800 Mbps go by, fõ'. USB Wmdx. j, olakg we;s fndfyda ,laIK fuyso olakg we; (Hot pluggable ,hot swappable)

• fuys oelafjkafka mrs.Klfha Power Supply Unit ys we;s mrs.Klfha úúO fldgia j,g

úÿ,sh imhk flfjks fõ'

no

• Power Supply unit ys we;=,; rEm igykla

Power Supply unit i|yd úÿ,sh imhk flfjksh

• 2'5 o;a; ikaksfõokh • (Data Communication)

• tkï o;a; iy f;dr;=re iïfma%IKh ^yqjudre& lr .ekSu hs

• WÞ-mß.Kl folla fyda lsysmhla w;f¾ mß.Klhla iy uqøK hka;%hla w;f¾ o;a; iïfm%aIKh

• fuu o;a; iïfma%IKh i|yd m%Njh yd .%dylhd w;r w;r iïnkaO;djla f.dvk.d ;sìh hq;= h' tu iïnkaO;dj cd,.; lsÍu f,i ye¢kafõ'

2'5'1 o;a; ikaksfõokh i|yd wjYH uQ,sl wx.

• ^i& o;a; m%Njh - o;a; iïfma%IKh lrkakd• ^ii& iïfm%aIK udOH - o;a; iïfma%IKh

lsÍug fhod .kakd udOHhs ^ÿrl:k /yeka (wired)" /yeka rys; (wireless)

• ^iii& o;a; .%dylhd - o;a;h ,nkakd

2'5'2 o;a; iïfma%IK úê (Data Transmission Modes)

• moaO;shlska ;j;a moaO;shlg o;a; iïfm%aIKh l%u lsysmhlska úh yels h'

• 1& talm: (Simplex Mode)• fuys § o;a; .uka lrkafka o;a; m

%Njfha isg o;a; .%dylhd fj; mu‚• WodyrK- rEmjdyskS o¾Yk

keröu" .=jka úÿ,shg ijka §u

o;a; m%Njh (Sender /Source)

o;a; .%dylhd (Receiver/Sink)

o;a;h

Medium udOHh

• 2& w¾O oaúm: (Half- duplex Mode)• fuys § o;a; iïfma%IKh jkafka jrlg

tla ÈYdjlg mu‚' Wod -Walkie- talkie, SMS, Email mKsjqv

• ^tkï m%Njfha isg .%dylhd fj;g o;a; iïfma%IKh ùu wjika jQ úg muKla .%dylhdg m%Njh fj;g o;a; iïfma%IKh l< yels h' &

o;a; m%Njh fyda o;a; .%dylhd (Sender /Source) (Receiver/Sink)

o;a; m%Njh fyda o;a; .%dylhd (Sender /Source)Receiver/Sink)

Medium

udOHh

o;a;h

o;a;h

• fjdals-fgdals (walkie-talkie),SMS, Email mKsjqv

• 3& mQ¾K oaúm: l%uh (Full Duplex Mode)

• fuys § tl úg foÈYdjg u o;a; iïfma%IKh fõ'

• Wod -ÿrl:k ixjdoo;a; m%Njh fyda o;a; .%dylhd (Sender /Source) (Receiver/Sink)

o;a; m%Njh fyda o;a; .%dylhd (Sender /Source)Receiver/Sink)

Medium

udOHh

o;a;h

o;a;h

2'5'3 o;a; iïfma%IK udOH (Data Transmission Media)

2'5'3 o;a; iïfma%IK udOH (Data Transmission Media)

^i& kshuq udOH (Guided / Wired)• o;a; iïfma%IKh i|yd fhdod .kakd fN!;sl

udOHhkah ^physical medium&• WÞyrK 1 - weUrE lïì hq., (Twisted

pair)fuh fldgia 2ls 1' fkdjeiqKq weUrE lïì hq., 2' jeiqKq weUrE lïì hq.,

• 1' fkdjeiqKq weUrE lïì hq., • - (UnshieldedTwisted Pair - UTP) • tlg t;+ idudkH;U lïì jhr hq., j,ska

hqla;h kuHYS,s iy ,dNodhS fõ' tfy;a §¾> ÿrlg o;a; iïfma%IKh l, fkdyel' Wmrsu óg¾ 100l muK h rEmh 1

• 2' jeiqKq weUrE lïì hq., (Shielded Twisted Pair- STP) fuho fkdjeiqKq weUrE lïì hq., wdldrhu kuq;a wu;r wdjrKhlao we;' fuu jhr o;a; iïfma%IK ;;a;ajh j¾Okh lsÍu iy wdrlaId lsÍu isÿ lrhs'

• WÞyrK 2 - iulaIl flan,h (Coaxial cable);U lïì oe,la yd " uOHfha we;s ;U lïìhla iys;h'Wod- rEmjdyskS wekafgkd" CCTV flan, j, fhdod .efka

iulaIl flan,h (Coaxial cable)

• WÞ 3 - m%ldY ;ka;= - (Fiber optics)b;d isyska ùÿre k, j,ska ks¾udKh lr we; k,h we;=,; wdf,dalh mrdj¾;kh fjñka o;a;iïfma%IKh fõ'fuh rYañ jl%SlrKh f,i ye¢kafõ' fõ.j;au iïfma%IK udOHhhs' kuq;a ñf,ka wêl fõ'kùk ÿrl:k cd,j, Ndú; fõ'

o;a;h

m%ldY ;ka;= (Fiber optics)

uqyqÿ m;=f,a we;s Fiber optics jh¾ j, rEm igykla

;U lïì hq., j, jdis ;U lïì hq., j, wjdis

,dNodhS fõ' §¾> ÿrlg o;a; iïfma%IKh fkd lrhs

isyska ksid tla k,hl lïì jeä m%udKhla fhosh yel

weoSug yd kefuk iq¿ njg Tfrd;a;= oSu wvqh

isyska ksid t,Su myiqh úoHq;a pqïnl;ajh ksid isÿjk f>daIdldrS ;;ajh

m%ldY ;ka;= j, jdis m%ldY ;ka;= j, wjdis

§¾> ÿrlg o;a; iïfma%IKh l< yel

ñf,ka wêl fõ'

fõ.j;a h w¿;ajeähdj wmyiqh

ix×d ÿ¾j, ùu wvqh tlg t;Su wmyiqh

wvq n,hlska o;a; iïfm%aIKh l< yel

uqyqÿ m;=f,aoS ùÿre ng ridhksl m%;sl%shd ksid úlD;s ùu

.sKs Wjÿre yg fkd.kS^wdf,dalh ksid&

^ii& kshuq fkdjk udOHh (Unguided /Wireless)

fN!;sl udOH fhdod .ekSulska f;drj jd;h yryd ix{d f,i o;a; iïfma%IKh lsÍuhs

• 1 - .=jka úÿ,s ;rx. (Radio waves) • Eg- jhs *hs (Wifi) íÆgQ;a (Bluetooth) , • wi-max(Worldwide Interoperability for

Microwave Access)

.=jka úÿ,s ;rx. (Radio transmission)

2-wfOdarla; lsrK (Infra red)

Wod -/yeka rys; uQisl"h;=re mqjre rEmjdyskS ÿria: md,lj, fhfoa

3-laIqø ;rx. (Microwaves)

fuys o;a; .uka lrkafka tla f¾Ldjlgh tu ksid iïfm%aIK udOH tlg o¾Ykh úh hq;=h Wod- pkaøsld u.ska o;a; ikaksfõokh wkA;¾cd,h

• wfOdarla; lsrK (Infra red) ;rx. rEmjdyskS ÿria: md,l j, Ndú; jk wjia:djla

• laIqø ;rx. (Microwaves)

• ikaksfõok pkaøsld(communication satellites)

2'5'4 mß.Kl cd, iïnkaO lsÍfï Wmdx.

(Computer network connecting devices)

mß.Kl cd,hla hkq mrs.Kl 2la fyda jeä .Kkla tlg iïnkaO lsÍuhs

mß.Kl cd, iïnkaO lsÍfï Wmdx.

cd,lrK w;=re uqyqK;a ldâm; (Network Interface card-NIC)

• mrs.Kl cd,hloS wmf.a mrs.Klh cd,hg iïnkaO lsrSu i`oyd wjYH mrsm: wvx.= ldâm; fukñka y`ÿkajhs¡

• fuh fjku ñ,oS .; hq;= ldâ m;la fukau mrs.Kl uõ mqjrej u; ieliQ ldâ f,io (On board / Built- in network interface card)oelsh yel¡

• ldâmf;a we;af;a flfjkshhs -jhrfha we;af;a iïnkaOlhhs RJ 45 iïnkaOlhla ^connector& uÕska flfjkshg iïnkaO fõ

(i) cd,lrK w;=re uqyqK;a ldâm; (Network interface card)

Network interface cardBuilt-In Network interface card

RJ 45 cable

ndysrska iú lrk Network card Built -in Network card iy RJ-45 lfklagrh

Network interface cardBuilt-In Network interface card

RJ 45 cable

port (flfjksh&

(connector) iïnkaOlh

(ii) iaúph fyda kdNs - (Switch / Hub)

mß.Kl folla fyda Bg jeä m%udKhla fyda w;r iïnkaO;djla f.dvke.Su i|yd fhdod .efka

iaúpfhys iy kdNsfhys we;s fjkialï• iaúpfhys yqjudre fõ.h jeäh' • kdNsh yqjudre lrkq ,nk f;dr;=re

cd,fha ish¨u mß.Kl fj; fhduq flfrk w;r iaúph f;dr;=re fhduq lrkafka wod< mß.Klh fj; mu‚' fuys § kdNsh úiska wkjYH ;onohla we;s lrkq ,nhs'

• f;dr;=re yqjudrefõ § kdNs w¾O oaúm: ^half duplex& l%uhg o iaúph mQ¾K oaúm: ^Full duplex& l%uh fhdod .efka'

cd,lrK iaúph (Network Switch)

(iii) jhs- *hs - wevmagrh

fuu WmlrKho f¾äfhda ;rx. udOHh fhdod .efka fõ.j;a wka;¾cd, in|;dj,g fhdod .; yel

(iv) ud¾.lh (Router)fuh mß.Kl cd, folla fyda Bg jeäixLHdjl iïnkaO;dj we;s lsÍug fhdod.efka' fuh cd, oajdrh ^gateway& hkqfjka o ye¢kafjhs Wod- mdif,a mrs.Kl tallfha we;s mrs.Kl cd,h wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO lsrSug'w

(v) fudvuh (Modem) -mß.Klhla wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO lsÍug fuh fhdod .kshs fuu.ska mß.Klfhys we;s wxls; $ äðg,a (Digital) o;a; yd f;dr;=re m%;siu ix{d f,io m%;siu ix{d f,i mj;sk o;a; yd f;dr;=re kej; wxls; ix{d njg m;alrhs' fuh Modulation iy DEModulation hkqfjka ye¢kafõ wka;¾ fudvuh ^Internal&" ndysr fudvï^External& iy flan,a rys; ^Wireless) fudvï hkqfjka fudvu j¾. lsysmhls w

fudvuh (Modem)

(vi) .sksmjqr (Firewall)fuh ia:dmkh lrkafka wka;¾cd,h iy mß.Kl cd,hla w;r wdrlaIl mjqrla f,ig h' fuh uDÿldx. fuka u oDVdx. f,io mj;shss'^wka wh wkjir m%fõYhkaf.ka wdrlaId lsrSu o fuu.ska bgq lrhs&• fuu.ska mß.Kl cd, w;r o;a; iy f;dr;=re

yqjudrefõ § we;s jk ;onoh md,kh lrkq ,nhs'

mrs.Klhg wka whf.a wkjir m%fõYhkaf.ka wdrlaId lr.; yel' tu.ska ;u fm!oa.,sl f;dr;=re wdrlaId lr .; yels fukau wdrlaIdldrSj wka;¾cd, .KqfoKq o l< yel' tfukau mrs.Klhg tk ffjri" wkjYH Bfï,a (Spam) wdosh j,lajkq ,nhs'

2'5'5 fiajd,dNS$ fiajdfhdað; cd, (Client/ Server network)mß.Kl cd,hla fufyhjk m%Odk mß.Kl moaO;sh fiajd fhdað; ^Server& mß.Klh hs'thg iïnkaO wfkl=;a mß.Kl fiajd,dNS ^Client& mß.Kl hs cd, fufyhqï moaO;shla ^Network Operating System& ia:dms; lrkafka (Server& mß.Klhg hWod- windows server fufyhqï moaO;sh

wka;¾cd,fhka fyda m%foaYSh cd,hlska o;a; fyda f;dr;=re b,a¨ï lrkakd fiajd ,dNsfhl= (Client) f,io o;a; yd f;dr;=re imhkakd fiajdfhdað; (Server) f,i o y|kajkq ,nhs'

2'5'6 mß.Kl cd, j¾.mß.Kl cd, N+ñfha msysàu wkqj

• (i) ia:dkSh m%foaY cd, ^Local Area Network (LAN)tla f.dvke.s,a,l ldurhla ;=< fydaldur lsysmhla iïnkaO lrñka ia:dms; lrkq ,nk mß.Kl cd,hlsWod-mdi,la ;=< "úYajúoHd,hla ;=<" l=vd m%udKfha jHdmdrhla ;=< ld¾hd,hla ;=< we;s lrkq ,nk cd,

(ii) mqrjr m%foaY cd,(Metropolitan Area Network- MAN)

ls'ó 16la fyda Bg wvq m%foaYhla wdjrKh jkwdldrfhka ia:dk .; lr we;s ia:dkSh m%foaY cd, ^LAN& lsysmhl tl;=jla mqrjr m%foaY cd,hlsWod-• nexl= cd,• YdLd iys; wdh;khkays cd,• úYajúoHd, cd,

iii) mq¿,a m%foaY cd, (Wide Area Network - WAN)

• b;d mq¿,a m%foaYhla wdjrKh jk mßoafoka

ks¾udKh flreKq cd,hs' rgla ;=< fukau rfgka msgg o fuu cd, me;sf¾'Wod-wka;¾cd,h'

2'5'7 cd, ia:, úoHdj (Network Topology)

• cd,hla ;=< mß.Kl iïnkaO;dj ie,iqï lsÍu iy cd, .; lsÍu cd, ia:, úoHdj ^Network Topology& f,iska oelaúh yels h fuys wdldr 5 ls

i) ;re wdldrhg cd, .; lsÍu(Star Topology)

• kdNsh fyda iaúph flakaøh fldg f.k thg mß.Kl iïnkaO lrkq ,nhs'

ii) nihl wdldrhg cd, .; lsÍu(Bus Topology)

fuysoS m%Odk flan,hla yryd ish¨u iïnkaO;d we;s lrñka mrs.Kl cd, .; lrhsjdis- ie,iqu b;d myiqhsflan, wvq m%udKhla jeh ùuwjdis-• iïnkaO l< yels mß.Kl m%udKh iSñ;hs• m%Odk flan,fhys isÿ jk wl%ñl;djla

cd,fha we;s mß.Kl ish,a,g u n,mEu

(iii) j,,a,l wdldrhg cd, .; lsÍu (Ring Topology)

mß.Kl cd, .; lr we;af;a uqoaol$ j<,a,l wdldrhg hs

jdis-wvq jh¾ m%udKhla wjYH ùuwjdis-tla mß.Klhl fyda flan,hl wl%ñl;djla iïmQ¾K cd,hgu n,mEu

(iv) rela $.il wdldrhg cd, .; lsÍu(Tree Topology)

;re wdldrfha ^Star Topology& cd, .; lsÍïlsysmhla nia wdldrfha cd, .; lsÍulg tl;= lsÍuhs• fuys jdish jkafka tla tla cd, fjka fjka

jYfhka md,kh lsÍfï myiqjhs'

v) oe,la wdldrhg cd, .; lsÍu (Mesh Topology)

• cd,fha we;s ish¨u mß.Kl tlsfkl ydiïnkaO lsÍuhsixlS¾K ksid md,kh wmyiq fukau msrsjeh wêlh' kuq;a tla mß.Kl cd,hla ì| jegqk o" cd, iïnkaOùug ud¾. lSmhla we;s neúka tu ud¾. yrydiïnkaO;dj /£ mej;Su jdis iy.;h

2'5'8 cd,lrKfha jdis

• 1-o;a; iy f;dr;=re mß.Kl w;r yqjudre lsÍug yels ùu

fiajd fhdað; (Server& mß.Klhl o;a; ;ekam;a lsÍu ;=<ska tu cd,h yd iïnkaO ù isák fiajd,dNSkag ^Client& f;dr;=re ,nd .; yels hWod - wm f,dalfha Web sites j,g iïnkaO ùu

• 2-wvq bvl o;a; .nvd l< yelsùutl u o;a;h mß.Kl lsysmhl ;ekam;a fkdù yqjudre l< yels ksid ;ekam;a lsÍfï bv m%udKh b;=re fõ3-iïm;a fmdÿfõ mßyrKh lsÍutkï uqøK hka;%h" iqmÍlaIlh ^scanner&"fudvuh ^ modem& wd§ Wmdx. mrs.Kl cd,hgu tla Wmdx.hla iEfya

• 4-uOH.; uDÿldx. md,kh lsÍfï yelshdj

' fiajd fhdað; (server& mß.Klhl uDÿldx. ;ekam;a lsÍu ;=<ska cd,h yd iïnkaO ù isák fiajd,dNSkag ^Client& tu uDÿldx. Ndú; l< yels h' tu.ska ld,h iy uqo,a b;srs fõ

ServerClient

• 5-wka;¾cd,h yryd ´kEu fõ,djl § ;u o;a; yd f,aLk iu. iïnkaO ùfï yelshdj

Eg – google Cloud fiajdj u.ska ;u o;a; wka¾cd,fha r|jd ;nd .; yel

• 6-wdrlaIdjfiajdfhdað; (Server& mß.Klhlg iïnkaO úh yels jkafka wjir ,;a fiajd,dNSkag ^Client& muKla neúka tys o;a; iy f;dr;=re ;ekam;a lsÍu jvd;a wdrlaIs; fõ'

• 7-úoHq;a ;emE,• fuu.ska mß.Kl w;r b;d myiqfjka

f;dr;=re yqjudre lr.; yels h

2'5'9 cd,lrKfha wjdis1-o;a; i|yd wvq wdrlaIdjcd,fha we;s ´kE u mß.Klhla u.ska o;a; .nvdjg fkdfyd;a fiajd fhdað; (Server& mß.Klhlg wkjirfhka iïnkaO úh yels ùu fuhg fya;=jhsEg- Hackers

• 2-tla mß.Klhla fyda flan,hla ì|jeàu ksid cd,hu ì|jeàu

iuyr cd, ie,iqï l%uj, § tla mß.Klhl fyda flan,hl ì|jeàu cd,fha we;s wfkl=;a mß.Klj, l%shdldß;ajhg n,mdhsWod -uqÿ wdldrfha cd,

• 3-cd,h yryd ffjri me;sr hdfï wjodku '

• 4-m%Odk mß.Klfha fodaI cd,hgu n,mEu

• m%Odk mß.Klfha fodaI fyda ì|jeàu ksid wfkl=;a mß.Kl o l%shd úrys; ùug we;s bv lv'

• Wod - ;re wdldrfha cd, j,oS

5-cd,hla md,kh lsÍu myiq úfYaI mqyqKqjla <;a mqoA.,fhl= wjYH ùu'

3-mß.Kl moaO;sfha o;a;ksrEmKhg Ndú; lrk l%u

h;=re mqjrefjka A wlaIrh type l< úg mrs.Klfha isÿ jk l%shdj,sh

“ A” wlaIrh h;=re,shkh l< úg tu bf,lafg%dksl ix{dj uOH ieliqï tallhfj; .uka lrhs' tys § tu bf,lafg%dksl ix{djg wkqj th oaúuh fla;hg mßj¾;kh ù ieliSu i|yd .nvd fjkjd' tu “ A” wlaIrhg wod< bf,lafg%dksl ix{dj" rgdj ieliSfuka wk;=re j “A” wlaIrh mß.Kl ;srh u; Èiafõ'

3'1'1 ixLHd moaO;shmß.Klh Ndú; lrñka wm wl=re fyda jpk h;=re ,shkh lsÍfï § mß.Klh u.ska tu wl=re fyda jpk thg f;areï .; yels ixLHd f,i ksrEmKh lr .kS' mß.Klhg f;areï .; yels fuu ixLHd iuQyh zz ixLHd moaO;shZZ la f,i ye¢kafjk w;r ixLHd moaO;sfha ''digits'' kñka ye|skafjk iSñ;b,lalï ixLHdjlska iukaú; h• m%:u .Kl hka;%h f,i ie,flk wenlih ys o

ixLHd moaO;s ixl,amh ;snqKq w;r" th wo mß.Klh olajd ÈhqKq ù we;'

3'1'1 ixLHd moaO;sh

3'1'2 mß.Klfha o;a; ksrEmKh i`oyd oaúuh ixLHd Ndú;h

• mß.Klfha o;a; ksrEmKh lrkafka 1 iy 0 wjia:d u.sks fuh bf,lafg%daksl mßm:j, ''on'' yd ''off'' hk wjia:d folg iudkh

• Wod-mrs.Klfhka oï j¾Kh ksrEmKh lsrSug wjYH kï uQ,sl j¾K 3 jk r;="fld< iy ks,a Red, Green, Blue (RGB) u.ska osh hq;af;a “135, 31, 120” f,i h' 135, 31 yd 120 g wod< oaúuh ixLHd 100001112 "111112 yd 11110002 fõ'

• Photoshop uDÿldx.fha j¾K fmkaùu

3'2 oYuh" oaúuh" wIaguh yd IâoYuh ixLHd moaO;s

• 3'2'1 oYuh ixLHd moaO;sh

oYuh ixLHdxl moaO;sfha wka;¾.; ixLHdjla iE§ we;s wdldrh

fuu 100" 101" 102" ''' jeks ia:dkSh w.hka oYuh ixLHd moaO;sfha nr idOl (Weighting Factors) f,i ye`Èkafõ

25 hk ixLHdj .Kl rduqjl ksrEmKh

oYu ixLHdjla iE§ we;s wdldrhWod-302'75 .ksuq'

th fuf,io oelaúh yel

3'2'1 oaúuh ixLHd moaO;s (Binary Number System)

• mß.Klhg o;a; iy Wmfoia f,i ixLHd fh§fï § wm Ndú; lrkafka oYuh ixLHd moaO;sh jqj;a mß.Klh úiska tu o;a; 0 yd 1 f,i mßj¾;kh lr .kS' fuu 0 yd 1 hk ixLHdxl iys; ixLHd moaO;sh oaúuh ixLHd moaO;shhs'

WodyrK - 111011012

• mß.Kl ;dlaIKfha § oaúuh ixLHd moaO;sh b;d jeo.;a jk w;r th mß.Klfha uQ,sl ñkqï tallh jk ìgqj (bit) ks¾udKhg odhl fõ' fuu ixLHd moaO;sfha l=vdu w.h 0 o úYd,u w.h 1 o fõ' tu w.hka ìgqjla (Bit) B inaryDig it f,i ye`Èkafõ'

3'2'3 wIaguh ixLHd moaO;s (Octal Number System)

3'2'4 IâoYuh ixLHd moaO;s (Hexa-Decimal Number System)

mß.Klh oaúuh ixLHd Ndú; lrk w;r fuh ñksidg lshùug wiSre ld¾hhls' tneúka oaúuh ixLHdj,g jvd myiqfjka fhÈh yels IâoYuh ixLHdmoaO;sh Ndú; lrkq ,nhs;o oï mdg j¾Khg wod< j “ #871F78 ” ´kE u j¾Khl jákdlu bÈßfha “#”fyda “&H” (ampersand) ixfla;h fhdod we;akï th IâoYuh ixLHdjls

135=87 31=1F 120=78

• mQ¾K ixLHdjla jfï isg ol=Kg lshùfï § ol=Kq fl<jßka u msysá w.h wvqu fjfiis w.h jk w;r jï fl<jßka u msysá Y=kH fkdjk w.h jeäu fjfiis w.h fõ

• oYu ixLHdj, § oYu ;s;g ol=Kq miska wE;ska msysá Y=kH fkdjk w.h wvq u fjfiis w.h jk w;r oYu ;s;g jï miska wE;ska u msysá Y=kH fkdjk w.h jeäu fjfiis w.h fõ'

3'3 ixLHdjl jeäu yd wvqu fjfiis ia:dkSh w.h

01241.0157001241020

• 3'3'1 jeäu fjfiis ixLHdxlh ( MSD - Most Significant Digit) iy wvqu fjfiis ixLHdxlh ( LSD - Least Significant Digit) f,io ye|skafõ

3'3'2 jeäu fjfiis ìgqj (MSB – Most Significant Bit) yd wvqu fjfiis ìgqj (LSB –

Least Significant Bit)• oaúuh ixLHd moaO;sh i`oyd muKla

Ndú; flf¾^ìgq wh;a oaúuh ixLHd j,g muKla neúka&

0

3'4 oYuh ixLHd" oaúuh" wIaguh yd IâoYuh ixLHd njg mßj¾;kh

• 3'4'2 oYuh ixLHd" oaúuh ixLHd njg mßj¾;kh

3'4'3 oYuh ixLHd" wIaguh ixLHd njg mßj¾;kh

3'4'4 oYuh ixLHd" IâoYuh ixLHd njg mßj¾;kh

3'5'1 oaúuh ixLHd" oYuh ixLHd njg mßj¾;kh

3'5'2 wIaguh ixLHd" oYuh ixLHd njg mßj¾;kh

3'5'3 Iâ oYuh ixLHd" oYuh ixLHd njg mßj¾;kh

3'5'4 oaúuh ixLHd" wIaguh ixLHd njg mßj¾;kh

• 10111012 ixLHdj wIaguh ixLHdjlg yerùu'

3'5'5 oaúuh ixLHd" IâoYuh ixLHd njg mßj¾;kh

101102 ixLHdj IâoYuh ixLHdjlg yerùu

3'5'6 wIaguh ixLHd" oaúuh ixLHd njg mßj¾;kh

• 4578 ixLHdj oaúuh ixLHdjlg yerùu

• m<uq j wIaguh ixLHdfjys iEu ixLHdxlhla u ìgq ;=klska ,shkak'

3'5'7 wIaguh ixLHd" Iâ oYuh ixLHd njg mßj¾;kh

• fuys § wIaguh ixLHdj m<uq j oaúuh ixLHdjla f,i olajd miq j th Iâ oYuh ixLHdjla njg yerúh hq;=hs

• 10578 ixLHdj Iâ oYuh ixLHdjlg yerùu

m<uq j oaúuh ixLHdjla f,i

3'5'8 IâoYuh ixLHd" oaúuh ixLHd njg mßj¾;kh

IâoYuh ixLHdjl ´kE u ixfla;hla ìgq y;rlska hq;a oaúuh ixLHdjlska ,súh yels h' tfia kï Iâ oYuh ixLHdjla oaúuh ixLHdjlg yrjk úg tu ixLHdfõ iEu ixLHdxlhla u ìgq y;rlska hq;a oaúuh ixLHdjlska oelaúh hq;=hs'

3'5'9 IâoYuh ixLHd" wIaguh ixLHd njg mßj¾;kh

m<uq j oaúuh ixLHdjla f,i olajkak

fojkqj oaúuh ixLHdj wIaguh ixLHdjlg yrjkak

3'6 o;a; wdphk Odß;dj (Data Storage Capacity)

• ìgqj (bit)= 0 yd 1hk oaúuh ixLHdxl fol • ìgq 8 hs=nhsÜ (byte) 1• ìgq 4 la=ksn,a (nibble) 1• 1024 Byte (1024 = 210) = 1KB (kilobyte)• 1024 KB (nhsg 1048576) = 1MB (Megabyte)• (MB fyda mbyte f,i ,súh yel&• 1024 MB = 1GB (Gigabyte)• 1024 GB = 1TB (Terabyte)• 1024 TB = 1PB (Petabyte)

Kb,Mb,Gb f,i ,sùfuka woyia flfrkafka kilobit,Megabit,gigabit hkakh-th o;a; iïfm%aIKh jk fõ.hhs&

• 3'6'1 o;a; wdphkh ( Data Storage ) uekSu ioyd Ndú; flfrk tall

n

3'6'2 Wmdx.j, o;a; Odß;dj ^hw) (Capacities of Data Storage)

3'7 mß.Klj, Ndú; lrk fla; l%u (Coding Systems )

• 3.7.1 BCD - Binary Coded Decimalmß.Kl Ndú;d l< uq,a ld,fha § fuu fla; l%uh fhdod.;a w;r fï l%uh u.ska tla ixLHdxlhla ìgq y;rlska ksrEmkh lrhs' fuh oYuh ixLHdxl ^0 isg 9&ksrEmKh ioyd muKla Ndú;d lrhs' fï u.ska ixfla; 16 la (24 = 16) ksrEmKh l<yelsh'

3.7.2 ASCII (American Standards Code for Informationinterchange)

• fuu fla; l%ufha§ mß.Klhg ,ndfok o;a;h mß.Klh úiska ìgq 7lska hq;a oaúuh ixLHdjlska ksrEmKh lrhs' fuhska wkq ,laIK 128 la ksrEmKh l< yels h'fuh ANSI (American National Standards Institute) wdh;kh u.ska ilia lr iïu; lr we;'

ASCII j,oS School hk jpkh h;=re mqjrej Ndú;fhka mß.Klhg we;=¿ l< úgmß.Klh th f;areï .kakd wdldrh

3.7.3 EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)

• fuu fla; l%ufhka wkq,laIK 256 (28=256)la ,súh yels h' fuys § tla ixfla;hla ìgq wglska iEÿKq oaúuh ixLHdjlska ,shhs' fuh IBM Main frame mß.Klj, Ndú; úh'

• bx.S%is Capital, Simple wlaIr 26 i`oyd tlsfklg fjkia fla; we;'

3'7'4 hqksfla; l%uh (Unicode)

j¾;udkfha oS isxy," cmka" Ök yd fou< jeksNdIdj, wkq,laIK 256 lg jvd jeä neúka by; fla; l%u m%udKj;a fkdùh' tneúka ìgq 16 lska hq;a tlsfklg fjkia ixfla; 65536 la (216 = 65536 ) ksrEmKh l< yels hqksfla; l%uh yÿkajd fokq ,eî h'

(Unicode) rEmuh o;a; (Image)

(Unicode) Yíouh o;a; (Sound)

wlaIrj,g wod< ASCII yd EBCDIC w.h

wlaIrj,g wod< ASCII yd EBCDIC w.h

wlaIrj,g wod< ASCII yd EBCDIC w.h

4-;d¾lsl oajdr iu. nQ,Sh ùc ;¾lh

• 4'2 ;d¾lsl oajdr• oaúuh ixLHd wkqidrfhka hï hï ;¾l ;;a;aj

f.dv kexùug;a ta wkqj hï hï ;SrK .ekSug;a yels jk mßm: ;d¾lsl mßm: (Logic Circuits) f,i ye`Èkafõ

• fuu bf,lafg%dksl mßm: ks¾udKh fldg we;af;a ;d¾lsl oajdr keue;s uQ,sl ;d¾lsl mßm: rdYshla wjYH mßÈ tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍfuks

• ;d¾lsl mßm:h g%dkaisiagr" vfhdav iy m%;sfrdaO wd§ wx.j,ska iukaú; fõ'

;d¾lsl oajdr fldgia folls

• 1' uQ,sl ;d¾lsl oajdr (Basic Logic Gates)• 2' ixhqla; ;d¾lsl oajdr (Combinational

Logic Gates)

4'3 uQ,sl ;d¾lsl oajdr 3ls

• AND ;d¾lsl oajdrhg • wod, úoHq;a

mßm:h

• fuys A iy B hk iaúp 2u ixjD; (ON) ;;ajfha ;sfí kï muKla n,anh oe,afõ tla iaúphla fyda újD; kï (off) n,anh fkdoe,afõ (ON=1 off=0 )

AND ;d¾lsl oajdrhg wod, i;H;d j.=j

1. AND oajdrh

fuh fY%aKs.; úoHq;a mßm:hls

A,B-wdodk

Q-m%;sodkh

• i;H;d j.=• ;d¾lsl oajdrhl wdodk yd m%;sodk w;r

iïnkaO;djh j.=jla f,i oelaùu i;H;d j.=jla (Truth Table) f,i ye`Èkafõ

• oajdrhg wdodk folla we;akï i;H;d j.=jg wjia:d y;rls ^22 =4&

• AND oajdrh nQ,shdkq wxlkfhka A.B fõ

A,B-wdodk

Q-m%;sodkh

• my; fojk mrsm:fha P ,Q fidhkak• m<uq mrsm:fha i;H;d j.=j ,shd

olajkak

OR oajdrh (OR gate)

fuh iudka;r.; úoHq;a mßm:hls

• fuys A iy B hk iaúp 2ka 1la fyda ixjD; (ON) kï n,anh oe,afõ' iaúp 2u újD; kï muKla (off) n,anh fkdoe,afõ (ON=1 off=0 )

• OR oajdrhg wod, úoHq;a mßm:h

AND oajdrhg wod, i;H;d j.=j

• OR fufyhqu nQ,Sh ùc .Ks;fhys “A + B” f,i olajhs' th lshjkqfha A OR B f,i h'

1' by; Q m%;sodkhg wod< nQ,Sh m%ldYkh ,shkak'2' by; m%;sodkh ,nd.ekSug wod< i;H;d j.=j f.dvk.kak

NOT oajdrh

• OR oajdrhg wod, úoHq;a mßm:h

AND oajdrhg wod, i;H;d j.=j

fuys A iaúÉÑh ixjD; j we;s úg n,anh yryd Odrdjla .,d fkdhk neúka th fkdoe,afõ' tfy;a A iaúÉÑh újD; j we;s úg n,anh oe,afõ

NOT ;d¾lsl oajdrhg wod< nQ,Sh ùc m%ldYkh yd ixfla;h

ixhqla; ;d¾lsl oajdr• NOR oajdrh

• OR iy NOT oajdr foflys tl;=jla fyj;a OR ys wkqmQrlhhs

NOR ;d¾lsl oajdrhg ;=,H ;d¾lsl mßm:h

NOR ;¾l oajdrhg wod< i;H;d j.=j

by; m%;sodkh ,nd .ekSug wod< i;H;d j.=j f.dvk.kak'

NAND oajdrh ( NAND gate)AND iy NOT oajdr foflys tl;=jhs

fuys § A yd B iaúp hk fol u ixjD; j we;s úg muKla n,anh fkdoe,afõ' wkaiEu wjia:djl u n,anh ±,afõ' tf,i NAND ;d¾lsl oajdrhl wdÞk folu 1 jQ úg muKla m%;sÞkh 0 fõ'

• NAND oajdrhg wod, úoHq;a mßm:h

NAND oajdrhg wod, i;H;d j.=j

by; m%;sodkh ,nd .ekSug wod< i;H;d j.=j f.dvk.kak

4'5-nq,Sh m%ldYkhg wod< ;d¾lsl mßm: ks¾udKh

2' my; ixLHdxl mßm:j,g wod< nQ,Sh m%ldYk ,shd Bg wod< i;H;d j.= f.dvk.kak'

4'6 ix.Dys; mßm: (Integrated Circuits)

• ix.Dys; mßm:hla hkq g%dkaisiagr (Transistors), m%;sfrdaOl (Resistors), Odß;%l (Capacitors) yd vfhdav (Diodes) jeks Wmdx.hkaf.ka ieÿï ,;a hï ksYaÑ; l%shdjla fjkqfjka u ksmojqKq mßm: úfYaIhls

• Ëqø ilikh(Micro processor) ;d¾lsl oajdr Ndú; jk wkql,s; mßm: rdYshlska iE§ we;'

fuu wkql,s; mßm:fhys 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12 yd 13 hk ;=vq(Pins) wdodkhka fõ'

fuys 3, 6, 8 yd 11 hk ;=vq m%;sodk fõ

4'7 ;d¾lsl oajdrj, m%dfhda.sl fhojqï

• ksjil wk;=re weÕùu ms<sn`o ix{d moaO;sh (Home Alarm System)

• fuys cfka, 2 ys yd fodr 2 ys 1 la fyda újD; lsrSula 1 f,i ie,l=jfyd;a OR gates Ndú;d jk ksid tla wdodkhla fyda 1 jQ úg m%;sodkh 1 fõ tkï wk;=re ix×dj l%shd;aul fõ

2-ùÈ ,dïmqj,ska isÿ jk úÿ,s kdia;sh wju ùu i`oyd ks¾udKh

jQ mßm:h

• hdka;%sl iaúÉph ixjD; j we;súg tys wdodkh 1 jk w;r újD; wjia:dfõ§ wdodkh 0 fõ' wdodkh 1 jk wjia:dfõ ,dïmqj ±,afõ(OR gate)

• ld, .Klfhka 1^iji 6 Wfoa 6 ld,h=1 f,i& yd wf,dal ixfõolfhka 0 ^wdf,dalh fkdue;s wjia:dj =0 &jk hk wjia:d 2 u bgq jk úgo ,dïmqj oe,afõ (NOT gate u.ska wf,dal ixfõol wdodkh o 1 jk neúka wjia:d 2u 1 f,i ieliS AND gate l%shd lrhs

1 0