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2014 mrs.Kl oDvdx. yd cd,lrK ms<sno jevuq¿j
fufyhùu uOHu m<d;a f;dr;=re ;dËK tallh
Tool kit
Tool kit
Tool kit
Tool kit
Tool kit
Network Tool ( Clipping Tool )
Brush
Magnifier
Screwdriver Set
Multi Meter
Digital Multi Meter
Sucker
mß.Kl ljrfha fldgia Parts of Casing
fuys my; wdldrhg WmlrK iúlsÍug wjYH neúka flaiskfha fomi mshka iy bosßmi
mshka bj;alr .;hq;=h'
Power Cable
AT Power Unit
ATX Power Unit
ATX Power Unit
ATX Power Unit
ATX Casing
ATX Casing
ATX Casing
Processor Socket
Processor Socket
Dual Core Socket
AMD Processor
AMD Processor
AMD Athlon Processor
AMD sempron Processor
Cache Memory m%Odk u;lfhka o;a; ilikh fj; f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh jk fõ.h"
o;a; ilikfha fõ.j;a njg fkdiEfyk neúka .eg¿j uÕ yerùug fuu m%Odk u;lh;a o;a; ilikh;a w;rg wêfõ.S u;lhl wjYH;djh we;s úh' ta i|yd Cache Memory Ndõ; fõ' wêl ksIamdok ñ,la iys; fõ' fuh 80$20 kS;shg wkqj l%shd;aulfõ' tkï ksYaÑ; ld,hloS hï l%shdjla i|yd Ndú; jk ish¨u mß.Kl jev igyka f;dr;=re iy o;a; Cache u;lfhka 20] l m%udKhla tu ld¾h flfrk ld,fhka 80] la ;=< Ndú; fõ' fïjd m%Odk j¾. folls'
• L1 Cache - fm%dfiirh ;=< we;s fõ.j;a u;l Ñmhhs'
• L2 Cache - fm%dfiirh wi, we;s fõ.j;a u;l Ñmhls
Intel (8008) Micro Processor
Intel (8080) Micro Processor
Slot Processor
Intel Processor
Processors
Intel Processor
Core 2 Duo Processor
Intel celeron Processor
CPU Register – CPU memory o;a; ilik Processor ;=< iuyr wêfõ.Sj
u;lhka .nvd l< yels ia:dk we;' fïjd Internal registers f,i yÿkajhs' RAM j,g jvd fú.j;ah' CPU tl yd ALU tl fuu u;l .nvd Ndú;d lrñka o;a; ,nd .kS'
tfukau ;djld,slj ilik ,o o;a;o .nvd lr ;nhs' fuu fya;=fjka o;a; ilikfha fú.j;a nj jeäfú' fïjd j¾.
lsysmhls'PCR - Programme Counter Register IR - Instruction Register MBR - Memory Buffer RegisterMAR - Memory Address RegisterIO/AR- Input Output Address RegisterI/OBR- Input Output Buffer Register
Heat Zink, Cooling Fan
Mother Board
Mother Board
Mother Board
Mother Board
Mother Board
Mocury Mother Board
Foxconn Mother Board
BIOSfuu BIOS fmr ld,j,oS .,jd kej; iõ l< yels jqjo
wo Flash BIOS iú lr we;s neõka th l< fkdyel' tfy;a tys f;dr;=re fjkia l< yelsh' BIOS program hï hï fodaI oelaùug Beep
Sound Ndõ;d lrhs Ami BIOS jdr jro
2-3 RAM 4-5-7-10 Mother Board 8 VGA 9 BIOS Chip
6 Key Board
Primay Memory1 Rom (Read Only Memory
Rom - Ñmfha f;dr;+re ,sùfï ;dlaIKh wkqj j¾. flf¾
PROM – Programmable Read Only Memory fuu j¾.fha tlajrla muKla ,súh yelsh‘
EPROM- Eraseble Programmable Read Only Memory kej;
kej; ,shk ,o f;dr;+re ulñka ,sõh yelsh' uelSu i|yd mdrcïnq, lsrK (Ultra Violet Ray) Ndú;d lrhs‘
EEPROM – Electrically Eraseble Programmable Rom:- “Flash” u;lh f,i oekg ckms%h fjïka mj;sk
fuuß Ñma j¾.hls fuys (Electrical field) úoHq;a fCIa;%hla u.ska f;dr;=re ,sùu yd uelSu folu isÿlrhs
'
2 Ram ((Random Access Memory)
o;a; .nvdjl wNHka;ßl m%Odk tallh jk fuh iiïNdù m%fõY u;lh f,i yÿkajkq ,efí' ;djld,slj o;a; r|jd .ekSfï yelshdj we;s neúka kej; kej; .nvdjk o;a; bj;a lsÍu;a /|ùu;a isÿ l< yels neúka Volatile Memory f,i o ye|skafõ'
SIMM RAM
SIMM RAM
ksIamdok ;dËKh wkqj j¾.’lrKh
SRAM –Static RAM fuf,i yÿkajk w;r g%dkaisiag¾ muKla
fhdodf.k fndfyda úg fuu u;l tall ksmojkq ,nhs
SD RAM
RAM
DRAM - Dynamic Ram
f,i yÿkajk w;r g%dkaisiag¾ yd lemEisg¾ fhdodf.k fndfyda úg ksmojkq ,nhs' fuys o;a; kej; kej; wdfrdamKh fkdl<fyd;a (refresh) o;a; uelS hhs‘
RIMM (RAM Bus)
DDR1
DDR2 RAM
DDR3 RAM
Differences in DDR Family
DDR 1
DDR 2 DDR 2
DDR 3
Hard Disk
Hard Disk
Hard Disk
Hard Disk
Hard Disk
SATA Hard Disk
A) Magnetic tape pqïNl má ^ 300 $ 600 $ 1200 $ 2400 $ 3600feet
merKs;u .nvd udOH jk fuys f*ßla Tlaihsâ wdf,am l< mÜhlska iukaõ;h' wâ 2400 muK os. pqñNl má o Ndõ;d õh'
B) Magnetic Drum jYfhka j¾. 2 ls o;a; .nvd lsÍu máfha fl<jrl isg wkql%ñj isÿfõ b;du;a
wvq fõ.hlska o;a; ikaksfõokh lrhs' Read head yd Write head 2 la Ndú;d fõ‘
A)Magnetic Disk –Floppy Disk fyj;a kuH ;eá;s kñka yÿka jk fïjdfha (Iron Oxide Coating)
fmßla Tlaihsä wdf,amhla ;jrd ksmojd we;' Single side tl me;a;l muKla .nvd lrk Double side fome;af;u .nvd
lrk úYalïNh wkqj 8” " 5'25” " 3'5” f,i Ndú; úh'
• Hard Disk - • ;eá kñka yÿka jk fïjd iron oxide wdf,amlr fydoska Tm oud we;'
• * Zip Disk - Jass Disk fïjd o úfYaI jQ pqïNl .=K iys;j wê.K;aj l%u
Ndú; lr úfYaI Zip Driver u.ska f;dr;=re .nvd lsÍug Ndú;d lrhs'
oDYH udOHh Ndú;d lrk .nvd WmlrK Optical Media
wêl .K;ajhlska hq;=j o;a; .nvd l< yelsh' f,ai¾ lsrK ;dCIKh u.ska o;a; .nvd lsÍu iy kej; ,nd .ekSu isÿlrkq ,nhs’ i¾ms,dldrj fuys o;a; .nvd jk má msysgd we;’ (Spiral track) úYalïnh wkqj"
0 10 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PIT
LAND
laser
aluminumdata layer
clearplastic
sensorlaser
sensor
0 0 0 0
LAND
polycarbonatelayer (clear plastic)
aluminum layer
laquer layer
motion
polycarbonatesubstrate
aluminumreflective layer
laquer
laquer
polycarbonatesubstrate
reflective layer (gold)
dye
CD-ROM
CD-R
Protective coating
Laquer layer
Spiral groove is a guide. It is pressed into the blank diskwhen manufactured.
Reflective layer (gold)Recording layer (dye)
Disc substrate (polycarbonate resin)
Laser beam
top side(labelprinted here)
DVD - Digital Versatile Disk f,i yÿkajk fïjd CD j,g yevyqrefjka iudk jqjo tys o;a; .nvd
lsÍfï oS ia:r lsysmhla hgf;a o;a;.nvd lsÍfï ishqï ;dËKhla Ndú; lrhs' (Several layers data records)
12cm fyda 8cm úYalïNj,ska oelsh yelsh' fïjdfha .=Kd;aul nj wkqj j¾. 5 la olakg ,efí‘
D V D 2 GB 4 GB4 . 5 GB6 . 5 GB8 GB16 GB200 GB
(B) OPTICAL CARDS by; CD ;dËKhg iudkj ksmojd we;s card úfYaIhls fuys 4 mb isg 6 olajd Odß;djla we;'
Network Card
VGA Card
IDE Cable
SATA Cable
TV/FM cardikaksfõok w.%- iñnkaOl Comunication Port & ConnectorBNC Connector—
British Naval Connector
Centronics Connector-SCSI Interface
TV/FM card
The last device in both the internal and external chain must be terminated.
SCSI host adapter
CD-ROM
harddisks
scanner
externalchain
internalchain
RJ45 - RJ11 ConnectorDIN Connector-
USB Connector
IDE connector - Integrated Drive Electronic
5-pin DINUsed on earlier PC keyboardsand various audio
6-pin Mini-DINUsed on mouse, keyboard and other devices(PS/2 connector)
5/16"
1/2"
Parallel Port & Connector
Sound card port & connector
uDÿldx.(Software)
moaO;s uDÿldx.(System software)
fhojqï uDÿldx.
(Application software)
fufyhqï moaO;s (Operating Systems)
Wmhqla; uDÿldx.(Utility Software)
mßj¾;k uDÿldx. (Translator Programs)
fhojqï meflacApplication packages
mß.Kl NdIdLanguages
mß.Kl cd, Computer Networkcd,hla hkq l=ula o ? What is a
Network?
idudcslhska tla wfhll=g jvd jeäfhka isák yd ta ishÆu idudcslhska w;f¾ wka;¾ iïnkaO;djh mj;ajd f.k hkakla
cd,hla f,i yÿkajhs Wod(- uyck nexl= cd,h
Ys% ,xld fg,sfldï cd,h
mß.Kl cd,j, jdis Advantages of computer network
1 mß.Kl w;r oDVdx. iïm;a (hardware resources) fnod .ekSug yels ùu'
Printer / HDD 2 mß.Kl w;r uDÿldx. (software recourses)
fnod .ekSug yels ùu' (DBMS )
3 mß.Kl w;r mKsúv yqjudre lr .; yels ùu'( E-Mail / Fax / Video Phone )
mß.Kl cd,j, wjdis Disadvantage of computer network
1 mß.Kl cd,hla ia:dms; lsÍfï úhou jeä fõ‘
2 hardware iy software fldgia j,g ydks we;s úh yels ùu' (Virus)
3 mß.Klfha we;s o;a; j, wdrlaIdj ms<sno .eg¿ u;= ùu' (Hackers
nodemß.Kl cd,hg iïnkaO computer, printer, file server jeks oE mß.Kl cd,fha node f,i yÿkajkq ,efí' mß.Kl cd,fha iEu node tllgu wkkH jQ ,smskhla we;' ( Unique IP Address )
Client mß.Kl cd,fhka hï lsis fiajdjla b,a,d isák (Request) node tl client f,i yÿkajkq ,efí'
Server Client u.ska b,a,d isák fiajh imhkq ,nk node tl Server f,i yÿkajkq ,efí'
Printer
Microcomputer
Printer
Client
Server
Microcomputer
Network Topologymß.Kl cd,hla fN!;sl jYfhka ia:dms; lr we;s wdldrh (physical layout) network topology f,i yÿkajkq ,efí'
Star TopologyrEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg fuysoS mß.Kl cd,hg
iïnkaO iEu mß.Klhlau Hub / Switch tllg fyda Host Computer tllg iïnkaO ùfuka mß.Kl cd,h ks¾udKh
fõ‘ Host ComputerHub / Switch
Host Computer
Hub / Switch
Ring TopologyrEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg mß.Kl cd,fha we;s tla mß.Klhla ks;ru ;j;a mß.Kl follg iïnkaO ù
j,hdldrj we;s kï tjeks mß.Kl cd,hla Ring Topology f,i yÿkajkq ,efí'
Bus topologyrEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg mß.Kl cd,fha we;s ieu mß.Klhlau tla m%Odk k,hlg (Common
Channel) iïnkaO ùfuka mß.Kl cd,h ks¾udKh fõ'
Terminator
Tree topologyrEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg mß.Kl cd,fha we;s ieu mß.Klhlau .il w;= úysos we;s wdldrhg
iïnkaO ùfuka mß.Kl cd,h ks¾udKh fõ'
mß.Kl cd, j¾.SlrKh Types of Network
mß.Kl cd,hla N=f.da,Sh jYfhka me;sÍ we;s wdldrh ie,ls,a,g f.k my; ioyka wdldrhg
mß.Kl cd, j¾.slrKh l< yel‘
1. Local Area Network (LAN) 2. Wide Area Network (WAN)
3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
1 Local Area Network (LAN)
fN!;sl jYfhka t;rï úYd, fkdjq f.dvke.s,s úYaj úoHd, jeks wdh;k j, Ndú; jk mß.Kl cd, (1km j¾. m%udKhla muK ) LAN f,i yÿkajkq ,efí' tla wdh;khl LAN úYd, m%udKhla we;' Bus /
star network topology Ndú;d flf¾'
2 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Local Area Network j,g jvd úYd, N+f.da,sh m%foaYhla wdjrKh lrkakd jq mß.Kl cd,hla f,i yÿkajkq ,efí' WodyrKhla f,i fuys oS iudk
;dËKhla hgf;a ls%hd;aul jk k.r lsysmhl we;s wdh;k tlg iïnkaO lr msysgqjd we;s
mß.Kl cd,hla yÿkajd osh yel'
3 Wide Area Network (WAN)
N+f.da,Sh jYfhka úúO ia:dk j, we;s mß.Kl tlg iïnkaO ùfuka Wide Area Network ìys fõ' tkï WAN hkq mß.Kl cd, j, cd,hls' WAN ;=, LAN yd MAN úYd, m%udKhla oelsh yel'
mß.Kl cd,hla iEoSug Ndú; jk m%Odk WmlrK
Main Devices that are used to create a network lsishï WmlrKhla mß.Klh yd iïnkaO lsÍu
ioyd w;rueos WmlrK wjYH jkjd fiau mß.Klhla mß.Kl cd,hlg iúlsÍu ioydo WmlrK wjYHfõ'
Network Interface Card (NIC)ModemRouter
HubSwitchesBridge
Network Interface Card (NIC)
mß.Klhla cd,hlg iú lsÍu ioyd wjYH b;d m%d:ñl WmlrKh f,i Network Interface Card tl yeoskaúh yel' Network Interface Card tlla tl milska motherboard tl u; jQ slot tlla u.ska motherboard yd iïnkaO fõ' wfkla miska msysgqjd we;s fidlÜ Ndú;d lr mß.Klh cd,hg iïnkaO l< yel' úúO ;dlaIK hgf;a ksmojk mß.Kl cd, yd iu. mß.Klh iïnkaO lrùu ioyd wjYH fidlÜ fujeks ldâ msgqmiska msysgqjd ;sfí'' ieu Network Interface Card tllgu wkkHh jQ ,smskhla we;' fuh MAC Address f,i yÿkajkq ,efí
Network Interface Card(NIC)
Hub or Switch
RJ 45 Connectors
UTP Cable
mß.Klhla wka;¾cd,hg iïnkaO jkafka Analog Signal Ndú; lrkd ÿrl:k ud¾.hla yryd kï mß.Klh yd ÿrl;k ud¾.h tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍfï w;rueosfhl= f,i Modem kï WmlrKh Ndú;d flf¾' fï u.ska isÿ flfrkqfha mß.Klh u.ska ckkh lrk Digital Signal ÿrl:k ud¾.h Tiafia .uka l< yels Analog Signal njg mßj¾;kh lr oSu;a ÿrl:k ud¾.h yryd ,efnkd Analog Signal mß.Klhg f;areï .; yels Digital Signal njg mßj¾;kh lr oSu;ah' fuys oS RJ11 Connecters Ndú;d lr mß.Klh yd Modem WmlrKh iïnkaO flf¾' m%Odk jYfhka Modem j¾. folla we;'
1 Internal Modem2 External Modem
Digital Signal Analog Signal
Modulation
Demodulation
Modem
Computer
Digital DeviceAnalog Device
Digital SignalsAnalog Signals
Telephone
Router
Routers tlsfklg wiudk jQ mß.Kl cd,hka folla tlg iïnkaO lsÍu ioyd Router kï WmlrKh Ndú; fõ' Router kï úfYaIs; WmlrKh my; ioyka ld¾hka ioyd fhdod .kS'1 tlsfklg fjkia jQ LAN folla iïnkaO lsÍug' (Dissimilar type of LAN)Router
2 LAN yd WAN tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍug'
Router tllg m%Odk jYfhka Port folla we;'1 LAN Port
2 WAN Port
tu ksid Router tllg IP Address folla we;' 1 LAN tlg ,nd fok IP Address tl2 WAN tlg ,nd fok IP Address tl
fuys os WAN Port tlg my; ioyka iïnkaO;d Ndú; l< yels fõ'
1 Dial-Up connection 2 Leased Line Connections
3 ISDN Connections 4 ADSL Connections
Hub mß.Kl cd,hla ks¾udKh lsÍfïos mß.Kl tlsfklg
iïnkaO lsÍu ioyd Hub keu;s WmlrKh Ndú;d fõ' mß.Kl cd,fha we;s ieu mß.Klhlau Hub tlg fjk fjku
iïnkaO fõ' fï ioyd RJ 45 Connectors iy UTP Cable Ndú;d fõ‘
Hub tlla Passive Device tlla f,i kï flf¾' tkï tla tla mß.Klfhka ,efnk o;a;
(Data Packet) úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï yelshdjla Hub tlg fkdue;' Hub tlla Ndú; lr LAN tlla ms<sfh<
lr .ekSug wjYH oE(-Network Interface Card (NIC)
UTP Cable RJ 45 Connectors
Switchmß.Kl cd,hla ks¾udKh lsÍfïoS mß.Kl
tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍu ioyd Switch keue;s WmlrKh Ndú;d fõ' fuu WmlrKh nqoaêu;a
WmlrKhla (Intelligent Device) f,i yeoska fõ' tkï tla mß.Klhlska ,efnk o;a; úYaf,aIKh lr th ,nd osh hq;= mß.Klh (Using Destination Address) fï u.ska yÿkd .kq ,efí' fï ioyd NIC Card j, we;s
MAC Address Ndú;d flf¾'
Bridge
Bridge tlsfklg iudk jQ Protocol Ndú; lrkakd jQ Network folla tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍu ioyd Bridge Ndú;
Servermß.Kl cd,hlg iïnkaO wfkl=;a mß.Kl j,g
fiajdimhkq ,nk mß.Kl jevigyka (Computer
Program) wvx.= úfYaI mß.Kl Server f,i yÿkajkq ,efÄ'
Server
ClientClient
UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)
Coaxial Cable
Fiber Optics Cables