Upload
58033000
View
16
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Next
Chapter 35
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
World History: Patterns of Interaction
Gorbachev Moves to
Democracy&
Collapse of the Soviet UnionBy: Reneth Mae C. Arca
Next
Chapter 35
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
World History: Patterns of Interaction
Section-3
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
Democratic reforms bring important changes to the Soviet Union.
Next
Chapter 35
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
World History: Patterns of Interaction
A Younger Leader• Mikhail Gorbachev—becomes Soviet leader in 1984• Young, energetic, skilled, wants to pursue new policies
Glasnost Promotes Openness• To achieve economic reforms, he needs open dialogue in society• Promotes new policy of glasnost—openness; dissent allowed
Section-3
The Collapse of the Soviet UnionGorbachev Moves Toward Democracy
Problems Develop• Politburo—ruling committee of Communist Party; rules USSR harshly• Leonid Brezhnev dies in 1982; two successors rule briefly
Next
Chapter 35
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
World History: Patterns of Interaction
Democratization Opens the Political System• In 1987, he unveils plans to have more democracy• Voters, given a choice, elect many reformers to new
legislature
Foreign Policy• Gorbachev signs arms control agreements with U.S.
Reforming the Economy and Politics Economic Restructuring
• People complain about lack of goods; Gorbachev blames old system• In 1985, he introduces perestroika—policy of economic
restructuring• Hopes to make economy more efficient, productive
Next
Chapter 35
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
World History: Patterns of Interaction
Lithuania Defies Gorbachev• In 1990, Lithuania declares independence• Gorbachev, fearing similar actions in other republics, sends
troopsYeltsin Denounces Gorbachev
• Reformer Boris Yeltsin rallies people against Communist old guard• Old-time Communists oppose both Gorbachev and Yeltsin
The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil Ethnic Revolts
• Gorbachev wants to reform Soviet Union, but reforms lead to collapse• Non-Russian ethnic groups rebel in different republics
Continued…
Next
Chapter 35
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
World History: Patterns of Interaction
End of the Soviet Union• Government takes actions to punish Communist Party for
the coup• Many republics declare independence; Gorbachev cannot
stop them• Republics form a federation, CIS—Commonwealth of
Independent States
The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil {continued}
The August Coup• In August 1991, hardliners try to seize control of
government again• Thousands of protesters and Yeltsin rally against this
move• Army refuses to attack protesters and coup collapses
Next
Chapter 35
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chechnya Rebels• In 1991, Chechnya declares independence from
Russia• Yeltsin attempts to crush rebellion, causing
unrest at home• As conflict continues in 1999, he resigns in favor
of Vladimir Putin
Russia Under Boris Yeltsin
Yeltsin Faces Problems• Yeltsin aims to reform the Russian economy • Tries “shock therapy”—quick transition to free market
system• New policies bring economic chaos and hardship,
political troubles
Next
Chapter 35
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
World History: Patterns of Interaction
Economic, Political, and Social Problems• Economic problems continue, leading to unstable
politics• Social problems include homelessness,
unemployment• Declines in population, standard of living,
average life expectancy
Russia Under Vladimir Putin Troubles Continue in Chechnya
• Fighting drags on in Chechnya• In 2002, Chechen rebels seize theater in
Moscow, many die
Next
Chapter 35
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
World History: Patterns of Interaction
Section-4
Changes in the Soviet Union lead to changes throughout Central and Eastern Europe.
Changes in Central and Eastern Europe
Next
Chapter 35
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
World History: Patterns of Interaction
Solidarity Defeats Communists• Communist government bans Solidarity but cannot solve
economic woes• In 1988, workers rebel to force recognition of Solidarity• Elections in 1989 and 1990 make Walesa president of Poland
Section-4
Changes in Central and Eastern Europe
Poland and Hungary Reform The Rise of Solidarity
• Workers strike to win recognition of Solidarity—Polish labor union• Lech Walesa—leader of union—becomes national hero
Continued…
Next
Chapter 35
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
World History: Patterns of Interaction
Hungarian Communists Disband • In 1990, voters elect non-Communist
government in Hungary• Democracy thrives; Hungary joins NATO in 1999
Poland Under Kwasniewski• Alexander Kwasniewski elected president in
1995• Brings Poland into NATO, tries to build strong
market economy
Poland and Hungary Reform {continued}
Poland Votes Out Walesa• Walesa tries to build free market economy quickly• Though some progress made, many Poles unhappy;
Walesa voted out
Next
Chapter 35
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
World History: Patterns of Interaction
Fall of the Berlin Wall• East Germany closes its borders, sparking
massive protests• In late 1989, new East German leader opens
Berlin Wall• By end of year, Communist government there
has collapsed
Germany Reunifies Resistance to Change
• East Germany’s leader resists reforms as in Poland, Hungary• Thousands of East Germans escape through
Hungary to Austria
Continued…
Next
Chapter 35
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
World History: Patterns of Interaction
A New Chancellor• In 1998, Kohl voted out of office• New leader—Gerhard Schroeder—has difficulty reviving
economy• Germany becomes more active in world affairs after
reunifying
Germany’s Challenges• East Germany in poor shape, needs rebuilding• This costly effort forces German leader Helmut Kohl to
raise taxes
Germany Reunifies {continued}
Reunification• Reunification—merging of the two Germanys—
achieved in 1990
Next
Chapter 35
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
World History: Patterns of Interaction
Czechoslovakia Breaks Up• Economic reforms hurt people in Slovakia, eastern part of
country• In 1993, Czechoslovakia splits into two separate countries• Both economies grow—slow in Czech Republic; faster in
Slovakia
Democracy Spreads in Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia Reforms
• In 1989, large crowd in Prague protests, demands democracy• Tough government crackdown sparks more protests• By late 1989, Communists are gone; Václav Havel elected
president
Next
Chapter 35
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
World History: Patterns of Interaction
Overthrow in Romania The Romanian Economy• Corruption and crime prevalent through 1990s;
economy lags •Much of economy still owned by government,
not in private hands• But Government begins moving toward market
economy
Next
Chapter 35
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
World History: Patterns of Interaction
A Bloody Breakup• Milosevic, Serbian leader, tries to impose control on whole
country• Slovenia and Croatia fight off Serbian army, win
independence• In 1992, Bosnia-Herzegovina declares independence; war
breaks out• Serb forces practice ethnic cleansing—getting rid of Bosnian
Muslims• In 1995, U.S., UN establish peace setting up multiethnic
government
The Breakup of Yugoslavia
Ethnic Problems• Yugoslavia has 8 ethnic groups in a federation of 6
republics
Continued…
Next
Chapter 35
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
World History: Patterns of Interaction
The Region Faces Its Problems• Serbia has new leader; Milosevic faces war crimes trials• Montenegro and Serbia form loose union, may
separate in future
The Breakup of Yugoslavia {continued}
Rebellion in Kosovo• In 1998, fighting starts in Kosovo, Serb province of
ethnic Albanians • Serbian army invades to put down Albanian rebels
with harsh force• In 1999, NATO bombs Serbia, forces Serbs to withdraw
Next
Chapter 35
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
World History: Patterns of Interaction