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2030 EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT AGENDA AND
TEACHERS: A GLOBAL NORTH CENTRIC AGENDA?
PRESENTATION AT THE BRITISH COUNCIL GOING GLOBAL 2016 CONFERENCE MAY 3 -5, 2016, CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA
Yusuf Sayed, Centre for International Teacher Education, CPUT, SA & University of Sussex, UK
“The quality of an education system cannot exceed the
quality of its teachers” (Barber and Mourshed, 2007:19)
useful but only partly true
Teachers account for about 75% of education budgets
“a number of studies have found that teacher effectiveness is one
of the most important school-based predictors of student learning
after home background. In the classrooms of the most effective
teachers, students from disadvantaged backgrounds learn at the
same rate as those from advantaged backgrounds (Hamre &
Pianta, 2005)
Teachers tend to be held in high esteem at socio-cultural level by
the local communities.
The Post-2015 Process
Consultations to gather feedback: • National dialogues in 88 countries • 11 global thematic consultations • MyWorld online survey High Level Panel of Eminent Persons to make recommendations: see “A New Global Partnership” (UN 2013) Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals – Outcomes document (July 2014) UNESCO EFA Consultations High Level Political Forum to steer the process and oversee implementation More than 1.2 million people have participated. YET Northern Tsunami, Southern Ripple (King and Palmer)
.
4
The SDG Agenda: People. Planet, Prosperity, Peace & Partnership
• 17 Sustainable Development
Goals
with
• 169 associated targets which
are ‘integrated and indivisible…’
and
• with proposed 229 global
indicators
• 11 global education indicators
and
• 43 proposed education
thematic indicators
5
The Education Targets
4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning Outcomes
4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary education
4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university
4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship4.5By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations
4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy
8
4.7 By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’ contribution to sustainable development
4.A Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all
4b By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher education, including vocational training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other developing countries
4c By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing States
9
The policy recommendations in the 2030 Incheon Declaration and Education Framework for Action (UNESCO, 2015) highlight the central roles of teachers succinctly as;
… Teachers are the key to achieving all of the Education 2030 agenda
… Teacher policies and regulations should be in place to ensure that teachers and educators are empowered, adequately recruited and remunerated, well trained, professionally qualified, motivated, equitably and efficiently deployed across the whole education system, and supported within well-resourced, efficient and effectively governed systems …
… Teachers also have socio-economic and political rights, including the right to seek decent working conditions and adequate remuneration. Governments should make teaching an attractive, first-choice profession with continuing training and development by improving teachers’ professional status, working conditions and support, and should strengthen policy dialogue mechanisms with teacher organizations.
Education consultations
HLP UNESCO (MUSCAT) SDG
Equitable lifelong education requires attention to enabling conditions – conducive learning environments with the proper and necessary infrastructure; the presence of sufficient numbers of trained and motivated teachers; and participatory governance structures that empower parents and local communities to be effectively involved in school decision making
The quality of education in all countries depends on having a sufficient number of motived teachers, well trained and possessing strong subject-area
knowledge.
By 2030, all governments ensure that all learners are taught by qualified, professionally-trained, motivated and well-supported teachers.
By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing states
11
Learning within an expanded development agenda
• Learning central but teacher focus weakened.
• Progressive and ambitious – too ambitious?
• Equity closely linked to learning.
• No clear elaboration of key aspects: effective relevant
learning outcomes; adults reach a proficiency level in
literacy and numeracy …
• Learning needs to be measured and tracked globally, with
a focus on the basics of literacy and numeracy.
– ‘what gets measured, gets done’ and what’s funded,
gets done but is is valued and meaningful?
12
The agency of teachers
Teachers in Public, Policy & Research Discourses
• Teachers as part of the problem (the blame game) vs./& teachers as the solution
• Teachers as technocrats vs./& teachers as reflexive professionals
• Teachers as victims vs./& teachers as perpetrators
14
Quality Teacher
School Environment
Professional Development
Teaching
Competence
Professionalism
Rela
tions
hips
&
Accou
ntab
ility
Teaching Practices
Attributes
& Values
Teacher Policy
School based management
Nature of Employment (e.g. contract teachers)
Pre-serviceTraining
In-servicetraining
ProfessionalMentoring
Qualifications DeploymentPolicies
Teacher licensing &Training requirements
Funding for & QA of teacher training
Policies governing Recruitment & promotion
Principal & SeniorTeacher Leadership
Teacher Salaries
Performance Monitoring &Management
School Culture& Climate
Policy, governance & budget frameworks
Community engagementWith the School
OtherConditions of service
Teacher trainingCurriculum & Assessment
Composition of Teaching Workforce
Professional Bodies&Regulatory Codes
School Education Curriculum & Assessment
Quality
Teacher
Teaching
Competence
Professionalism
Rela
tions
hips
&
Accou
ntab
ility
Teaching Practices
Attributes
& Values
Student Learning
Politica
l Conte
xt Social Context
Economic Context Cultura
l Conte
xt
Naylor and Sayed, 2014, 22
The Long March to Quality Teachers and Teaching and Learning
The 4Rs (Reading, wRiting, aRithmetic, Respect – Values/Social cohesion)
need
The 3Ts
– High quality Initial Teacher Education (and ongoing PD)
– Teacher Status and Esteem
– Effective Teacher Pedagogy/practice
As
part of a holistic set of education policy reforms undertaken by national governments and focused on the attainment of social justice in and through education and quality learning
16
• Darling-Hammond (2000: 1) notes that:
The findings of both the qualitative and quantitative analyses
suggest that policy investments in the quality of teachers may be
related to improvements in student performance. Quantitative
analyses indicate that measures of teacher preparation and
certification are by far the strongest correlates of student
achievement in reading and mathematics, both before and after
controlling for student poverty and language status … This
analysis suggests that policies adopted by states [in the USA]
regarding teacher education, licensing, hiring, and professional
development may make an important difference in the
qualifications and capacities that teachers bring to their work.
17
Quality learning and the 3Ts: Initial Teacher Education/pre-services
Hig
h q
ual
ity
init
ial t
each
er
edu
cati
on
• Attracting the best
• Equity and social justice as the framing
• Experienced and motivated teacher educators
• Relevant content aligned with national curricula
• Reflexive engaged teachers produced
• School partnership e.g. professional training schools, university schools
• Opportunities to practice across diverse context (cross over practicum)
Ch
alle
nge
s •A focus on values
•The balance between content knowledge and pedagogic content knowledge •Versed in pedagogies of discomfort and of hope •Content of teacher education curricula •Effective integration with CPD •Teaching Practicum •Induction and Mentoring
19
Quality learning and the 3Ts Te
ach
er s
tatu
s an
d e
stee
m
•Motivated, qualified and committed teachers
•Professionally supported
•Ongoing professional development
•Conducive working conditions
•Supportive monitoring and appraisal
•Diversified career paths that retain the best in a teaching role
•Peer forms of learning and support
•Productive forms of teacher accountability
Ch
alle
nge
s • Inappropriate professional development modalities e.g.. cascade
•Engaged and committed professional associations
•Lack of a clear set of Teacher Standards and Competences
20
Implications for Africa
• Localising the Agenda – the challenge of context specificity
• Taking ownership
• Investing in teacher education
• Developing South-to-South Partnership
• Political will and capacity
• Reducing transaction cost and dependency
• Paying attention to challenging and difficult contexts
• Tackling the privatization of public education
• Affirming the affective
21