GMA IV_Shah

Challenges of Maintaining Excellence in Higher Education:

Role of AIU

Prof. Beena ShahSecretary General

Association of Indian UniversitiesNew Delhi

1E.Mail ID: [email protected]

The Sustainable Excellence in Higher Education: Main Aspects

Address the status of Higher Education in the Country

Challenges faced by HEIs and sustain for long term on global standards

Suggestions that can Improve the Quality of Higher Education

Interventions & Guidance to Overcome the Challenges in Today’s Change Process


History of Indian EducationAncient Period – It was Based on Caste and Social Status Education was only for Brahmins and rulers family

Mughal Period – Education was Elitist based

British Period – Colonial rule contributed to an legacy of Education System but reinforced pre - existing elitist tendencies

Modern Period- Pt. Nehru envisaged India as a secular democracy and used education as a tool to achieve economic prosperity & social equity, imbued with inclusiveness and national pride.

Since the era of Rajeev Gandhi, various innovative reforms were implemented. In continuation, Right to Education Bill 2009 has been executed in the whole country. XIth 5-yr Plan is dedicated to education. Education budget in Higher Education is enhanced 10 times to the Xth 5-yr Plan. 3

E.Mail ID: [email protected]

4

Modern Higher Education System Academic Qualification Framework


Institutional Framework: University Act/LegislationSl. No.

University Act/Legislation

1. Central University Act of Parliament2. State University State Legislative Act3. Deemed University Central Govt. notification4. Open Central/State

UniversityRespective Act

5. Institutes of National Importance

Act of Parliament

6. Other Institutions State Legislative Act and affiliated to the University

7. Autonomous College Status given by UGC5E.Mail ID: [email protected]

Regulatory FrameworkCentral Government

Regulatory Body Brief Function

UGC – UGC Act 1956 Responsible for Coordination, determination, and maintenance of standards and release of grants to universities /institutions and research organization

AICTE - Act 1987 Regulates technical Education i.e. Mgmt., Engg., etc

MCI - MCI Act 1956(amended in 1993)

Regulates medical Education and grants registration for medical professionals

DEC- IGNOU Act 1985 Regulates ODL education programmes

PCI- Pharmacy Act 1948

Regulates Pharmacy Education and grants registration for Pharmacy professionals

INC- INC Act 1947 Regulates Nursing Education and grants registration for qualified nurses

COA- Architects Act 1972

Regulates architectural Education and grants registration for architects

BCI- Advocate Act 1961

Regulates promotes and maintains standards of legal Education 6


Regulatory Frame WorkDCI‐

Dentists Act‐

1948 Regulates Dental Education

ICAR‐ Has

established

various

research

centres

in

order

to

meet

agricultural research and agriculture Education

NCTE‐

NCTE Act 19 Regulate and facilitate planned and coordinated development

of the teacher education system

CCH‐

CCH Act 1973 Regulates

Homeopathy

Education

and

grants

registration

for

Homeopathic professionals

CCIM‐

CCIM Act 1970 Regulate Indian medicine education and grants registration for

Indian medicine professionals

RCI – RCI Act 1992 Has

twin

responsibility;

standardizing

and

regulating

the

training

of

personnel

and

professional

in

the

field

of

rehabilitation and special education

NCRI‐ Promote rural higher Education

SCHE Each states of India has its own higher education council which

prepare

coordinated

programmes

of

development

of

higher

education

7

Contd…


8

Status of Higher Education


Growth in Number of Universities


Growth in Number of Higher Education Institutes (HEIs)

Number of Colleges


11

Type of Institutions No of Institutions2006 2011

Central Universities 20 42State Universities 217 260Deemed Universities 104 130Institute Established Under State Legislations

5 10

Institutions of National Importance 13 41

Private Universities 8 64Total 373 547Colleges 17625 25951Grant Total 18365 27045

Type of Institutions


Breakup of Universities (2011)

12

Type of Universities Number of Universities

Percentage

Conventional Universities 280 51.18

Technical Universities 138 25.22

Medical Universities 45 8.22

Agricultural Universities 42 7.67

Open Universities 15 2.74Law Universities 14 2.55

Sanskrit Universities 13 2.37

Total 547 100E.Mail ID: [email protected]

Number of Higher Education Institutions (Global Scenario 2010)


Student Enrolments (in Millions) in Higher Education (Global Scenario 2009)

14

*

India 2010 E.Mail ID: [email protected]

Gross Enrolment Ratio in Higher Education (Global Scenario 2010)

15

26%

21%

Developed countries avg. GER 54.6% Countries in transition 36.3 % Global

Avg 40% E.Mail ID: [email protected]

Challenges in Higher Education1. Access

2. Equity

3. Quality Perspective

4. Funding

5. Imbalances in Student Mobility

6. Faculty Shortage

7. Declining Trend of Enrolment in Conventional Programmes

8. Rapid Privatization

9. Entry of Foreign Universities16


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1. Access


E.Mail ID: [email protected] 18

1.(a) Growth of Student Enrolment (in million)

1.(b) Students/Women Enrolment Faculty-wise: 2008-2009

Faculty Total Enrollment

%age of total

Women Enrollment

%age of total

Arts 5875532 43.07 2772580 49.08

Science 2612406 19.15 1129255 19.99

Commerce/ Management 2486901 18.23 915719 16.21

Education 286478 2.10 180771 3.20

Engineering/ Technology 1313706 9.63 276806 4.90

Medicine 446087 3.27 202803 3.59

Agriculture 80482 0.59 15253 0.27

Animal Husbandry Science 21827 0.16 4519 0.08

Law 381971 2.80 89256 1.58

Others 136418 1.00 62140 1.10

Total Enrolment 13641808 100.00 5649102 100.00

19Source: UGC Annual Report 2008‐2009E.Mail ID: [email protected]

20

2. Equity


2. Equity

Large variations are in the enrolment ratio

among various categories of population

based on Gender, Socio-Economic Status,

Locality (Rural/Urban/Remote/ Tribal, etc.)


22

3. Quality Perspective


3.(a.1) Regulation of Higher Education InstitutionsScreening to Maintain the Quality1.Central/State Govt. – Permission to

Establish

2.UGC – Approval to award the degree

3.16 regulatory Bodies – Permission to Start Courses under their preview

4.Accreditation Agencies: NAAC, NBA, AB, DEC, etc.- To assess and acredit the Higher Education Institutions under their preview 23E.Mail ID: [email protected]

3.(a.2) NAAC Grading: Determinants of Quality and Quality Gaps in Universities


3.(a.3) NAAC Grading of Universities and Colleges 2010


3.(b) Governance: HEIs Governance be role models of corporate governance including ethical standard, openness and transparency. The main obstacle are:a) Involvement political and non academic persons in

Governing Council/Executive Councilb) Absence of Academic Committeesc) Inadequate Student Involvement in Governanced) Insufficient cooperation between Industry & Other

Stakeholderse) Absence of Merit-based incentive scheme (including

fixed and variable pay concept)f) Lack of Autonomy and Freedom of Work due to

Control and Interference of Govt.g) Absence of Collegiate Spirit among facultyh) Education being a concurrent subject many times

differences arise between centre and state Govts.26


In view of Quality Perspective-

What is taught & how to be taught are very important

Quality, Relevance and Flexibility are essential component in curriculum and content development

Lack of ICT Infrastructure, trained man power and adaptability will are factors prolonged adoption of reformed Pedagogy in classrooms

EDUSAT, Virtual Classrooms Teaching & ODL System are yet to take momentum

Transition from Conventional Pedagogy to Online, Electronic Media

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3.(c) Content, Curriculum and Delivery


28

4. Funding


4.(a) Central government Total Expenditure on Higher Education

(In Rs.

Billion)


4.(b) Central Government Fund Distribution over Different Sectors of Higher Education (2009)


4.(c) Public Expenditure on Higher Education as a %age of GDP (Global Scenario)


32

5. Imbalance in Student Mobility


5.(a) Mobility of Indian Students to Foreign Countries (2009-10)

33

Country NumbersUSA 104,897

Australia 79,000UK 27,500

Canada 9,600France 1,700

Germany 4,500Japan 546

Malaysia 2,000NZ 6,000

Thailand 357Taiwan 500Total 236600

Due to racial attacks –

declined in 2008‐09 –

94,000 E.Mail ID: [email protected]

5.(b) International Students in Indian Universities Continent wise (2008-09)

Continents 2008-09Asia 16004

Africa 4193America (N & S) 614

Europe 304Australasia 66

Miscellaneous 597Total 21778

Source: AIU Database; Received Information from 127 univs 34


5.(c) International Students in Indian Universities Top Ten Countries

(2008‐09)

Countries 2008-09Iran 2972

Ethiopia 1937United Arab Emirate 1726

Nepal 1711Afghanistan 1192Saudi Arabia 1043

China 873Sri Lanka 742Bhutan 680Kuwait 490Total 13366

Source: AIU Database35


5. (d) International Students in Indian Universities (Top ten Universities)

(2008‐09)

Universities Male Female TotalUniversity of Pune, Pune --- --- 3507University of Mysore, Mysore 894 585 1479University of Delhi, Delhi 699 525 1224Manipal University, Manipal 583 641 1224Osmania University, Hyderabad 946 221 1167Symbiosis International University, Pune 622 485 1107VIT University, Vallore 348 106 454Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 336 114 450Alagappa University, Karaikudi 253 186 439Indira Gandhi National Open University, Delhi 3907 1954 5861

Total 8588 4817 16912

Source: AIU Database 36E.Mail ID: [email protected]

6. Faculty Shortage: Lucrative

salaries & glamour particularly in

the Industries of Private Sector

and Multinational companies, it

has become for universities to

attract the talent


7. Declining Enrolment in Traditional Fields of Knowledge

8. Privatization: increasing rapidly due to-1. Inadequate number of Quality Institutions

2. Out of the Entrants appeared in Entrance test only 1% in IIMs & 2% in IITs could get admission.

3. Lack of resources to meet out the increasing demand for Higher Education

Therefore, Liberal Policies introduced for private sector to share the responsibility

Even now self financed programmes permitted in public funded universities/colleges

Due to faculty shortage unable to maintain quality38


E.Mail ID: [email protected] 39

8.(a) Share in % age of Public Sector in Higher Education


9. Entry of Foreign Universities: Why Need FEP in India?

Liberalization, Globalization & Internationalization of Higher Education have opened gates To cope with rising demands of Higher Education, and with changing scenario in education world overTo meet the demand of students to provide access into quality institutionsTo enhance accessibility from GER 12.5%, in higher education institutions to –

15 percent by 201530 percent by 2020

Quality Assurance in higher education is a major global concern for Competitive environment, FEPs are the best betInternational Mobility with respects to students, teachers and even the institutions have taken place in a very high magnitude


9.a Entry of Foreign Universities:Favorable Points for Foreign Educational Institutions in India

India has more than 55 million population of 17-25 years age group. The youth population has sound knowledge of English language

What is desired from FEP(s)?Programmes offered by FEP should be in conformity with the standards in their parent country and laid down by competent authority in India i.e.-curriculum, duration, faculty, etc. FEPs should not be concentrated up to metros or big cities but also encouraged by giving incentives to open their institutes in the rural/remote areas of our country 42


Suggestions to Improve the Quality of Higher Education

Action Research in EducationAction research provides a positive avenue for empowerment, engagement, creativity and generation of new knowledge for discarding the bonds of restrictive legislation, bureaucratization, and isolation

To resolve Faculty Development & Research Issues

Adequate Use of ICT in delivery of Education

Strong Liaison between Institutions and Corporate for funding & Joint Collaborations


44

Higher Education be Affordable



46

Interventions Through Reforms To Address Challenges in Higher Education


Intervention through Reforms in Higher Education

Education for all is the basic objective behind Reforms, Conforming to Millennium Development Goal

Right to Education Act 2009 executed in the whole country and Rs. 17100 Billion allocated in the XIth plan budget for execution

National Knowledge Commission (NKC) established in 2005 to review status of Higher Education in the country and give the recommendations


1500 universities and 3500 colleges of higher education Manifold increase in the quality institutions viz IITs, IIMs, NITs, IIITs, AIIMs and Central UniversitiesEmphasis given to address the gender, regional, geographical and social inequality gapsDue emphasis is given to issues of access, equity, relevance, quality, governance and networking of higher education institutions through ICT as well as enhancement to Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER)Preparing frameworks for Public Private Partnership in Higher EducationOpening of 500 new polytechnics, 210 new Community Colleges in un-served districts

Access and Expansion Aspects -


The Government of India, took immediate action on the recommendations of NKC

Today we have 15 IITs, 4 IIITs, 13 IIMs, 20 NITs, 30 Central Universities. In majority New Universities are established in rural areas

16 World Class Universities and 3 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISERs), 3 AIIMs, are about to come

(contd...)


Equity Aspects -Setting up of Equal opportunity Office in the universities to look into aspects of inclusiveness, affordability and all schemes for disadvantaged group be operational

To reduce the gap and enhance the quality and excellence between have & have not's are also covered by UGC for receiving grant

GoI, Facilitated Soft Education Loan to aspirants of Higher Education through Loan Guarantee Authority

(contd...)


Financial Aspects -The 11th five year plan of India is designated as the Education Plan Enhanced budget for education manifold from Rs. 540,000 million in Xth Plan to RS 2370,000 (> 4 times) Million in the XIth PlanEnhanced budget for higher education from Rs 80,000 million (in the Xth Plan) to Rs 849,430 million(> 10 times) in the XI PlanProvision made for Special support to universities/colleges of rural/remote areas

(contd...)


Sustainable Quality Maintenance –9 Universities, 100 colleges recognized as potential for excellence by UGC

500 centres/departments identified under special assistance programme by UGC in universities

For quality improvement and uniformity, UGC has issued guidelines to bring some Academic and administrative reforms viz

Entrance Test is mandatory for admission in M. Phil. and Ph. D. programmes

Semester system, credit transfer and credit accumulation are to be adopted by all universities including conventional universities

Accreditation made mandatory for all Higher Education Institutions

Encouraged Networking through WWW, WAN & LAN to enhance the efficiency and quick information downloading & transmission

(contd...)


Proposed Bills for Bringing Regulatory Reforms in the Higher Education Sector

Legislation Objective

NCHER-2000 Single super regulator for higher education

FEI (regulation of Entry and operation) Bill - 2010

To regulate the entry and operation of FEIs

The Educational Tribunals Bill - 2010

Settlement of education disputes

The Universities for Innovation Bill - 2010

To provide regulatory framework for establishing world class universities

National Accreditation Regulatory authority

To regulates process of accreditation

The prohibition of unfair Practices in Technical & medical educational institutions and Uni. -2010

To prohibit unfair practices in the institutions under reference

53All are under process of approvaL/implementationE.Mail ID: [email protected]

54

Role of AIU


Role of AIU in Sustainable Quality MaintenanceAIU is a 85 year old autonomous body of Higher Education

Established on March 23, 1925 name as IUB at their own initiative of 14 Indian Universities

Steadily till 1945 IUB became stronger, popular and established a place of immense importance in Higher Education and Proved its existence as authentic spokesperson of universities.

In 1973, IUB renamed as AIU with same motto – “From Association is Born Integration”

AIU, being an Apex body of Higher Education represents Indian Universities at National/ International forums 55(contd…)E.Mail ID: [email protected]

To Coordinate and Establish Liaison between Univs., Govts. (State/Federal) and Agencies (National/International). Provides active support to its members for quality assurance, teaching, training and research.

Internationalization of education, equivalence of degrees between Indian and foreign universities, harmonization of Higher Education in global perspective are the top priorities of AIU.

56

Continued….


Maintains Standards & Autonomy of Universities.

AIU is the only organization in the country which certifies equivalence to foreign and Indian degrees/ diplomas in general & technical education.

Facilitates and Provides services for equivalence of degrees to Federal Govt.: Employment Agencies/ Recruitment Boards and Indian Banks

Organizes Capacity Building Training Programmes, Research Conventions, Workshops/ Conferences, etc. to improve Quality of Teaching, Examination, Research and Scholarly Publications.

(contd…) 57

Continued….


Publishes Universities Handbook, Newsletters, Books, AIU News Weekly Journal, Monographs, etc.

Promotes International Cooperation between AIU & International Associations/Agencies for active academic partnership between Foreign and Indian Universities in areas of common interestMaintains Up-to-date data bases of accomplishment of Universities and its dissemination to user agenciesAIU Organizes & Promotes Inter University Sports and Youth Welfare Programmes for all round personality development of studentsOrganizes roundtable meetings of VCs at Zonal and National levels on emerging areas of Higher Education

58

Continued….


Networking of Institutions (Inter & Intra)1.

Between Department within University

2.

Between/among universitiesa)

Within Country

b)

Indian & ForeignAspects of Academic Cooperations

Sharing of InfrastructureMobility of Students/FacultyKnowledge Sharing

Joint Research ProjectsJoint PublicationsJoint Seminar/Workshops/Training Programme

Technology TransferCooperations in Youth Affairs & Sports Activities


MoUs between AIU and International OrganizationsSl. No.

Name of Organization

5. Danish School of Education, University of Aarthus, Cophenhagen

6. Association of Universities in Netherlands (VSNU)

7. Association of Universities and Colleges in Canada (AUCC)

8. Universities Scotland (US)

9. Foundation of International Cooperation in Higher Education of Taiwan (R.O.C.) (FICHET)

Sl. No.

Name of Organization

1. Universities Australia (earlier AVCC)

2. Rectors Conference of Germany (HRK)

3. Indo French Consortium of Universities (IFCU)

4. Institute of International Education (IIE), New York


Indian Ocean Rim – Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR‐ARC)

1.

Educational exchanges amongst the IOR‐ARC countries have made rapid strides in the recent years.

2.

Australia

and

Singapore

are

the

most

favorites destination for higher education among the IOR‐ARC

3.

India

is

a

substantial

recipient

of

large

number

of students from Iran, UAE, Oman, Mauritius and Yemen, Sri Lanka

4.

Indian

Government

continues

to

facilitate

and

further strengthen

these

exchanges

for

greater

people‐to‐

people contacts India61E.Mail ID: [email protected]

62

International Sports Federation, Brussells

(FISU)

World Bank, Washington

(WB)

University Mobility in the Indian Ocean

Rim (UMIOR)

United Nations Educational, Scientific

and Cultural Organisation, Paris

(UNESCO)

Commonwealth of Learning, Canada

(COL)

Institute of International

Education, New York (IIE)

International Association of

Universities (IAU)

Association of International

Educators (NAFSA)

UMIOR

AIUInterface with International Organisations


The Main Features of MoUsExchange of students/Research Scholars

Exchange of Faculty/Technical staff

Joint Research Activities-Projects, Publications

Joint Educational Programmes-Dual/Joint Degree

Exchange of Visits

Joint Seminars

63Contd…E.Mail ID: [email protected]

To promote equivalence of degree/diploma, mutual credit recognition of programmes between Indian and foreign universities Promote Mutual Credit Recognition between Member Institutions of AIUPromote Open Access to Scientific and Scholarly PublicationsInformation Sharing between Associations & UniversitiesLinkage Internet Websites for Disseminate InformationInternships, Research Cooperations and Joint Capacity Building ProjectsTo explore cultural and sporting exchange through links with the common wealth/world university games


Organized International Forum on Higher Education

Nov. 27, 2006 University of Mumbai, Mumbai

Nov. 27, 2007 Anna University, Chennai

Nov. 18, 2008 North Eastern Hill University, Shillong

Nov. 14, 2009 Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar

Nov. 12-14, 2010

Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune


If universities are to contribute their best, it cannot

be by each university contributing individually … I

think, it will be possible for us in the universities, to

come to some agreed solutions on major problems

and if this is done, ….. We shall be serving a very

useful purpose.

66

Sir A. L. Mudaliar Former President, AIU


67E.Mail

ID: [email protected]