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Source: Paul Schulte
September 18
How does weather a!ect tree growth?
Red mangroveRhizophora mangle
Red mangroveRhizophora mangle
Photograph: Kevin Hutchinson
Red mangroveRhizophora mangle
Trees without rings(approximate)
Bur oakQuercus macrocarpa
GEOG5839ARE TREE RINGS ANNUAL?
The “pinning” methodSource: Keith Weston
Band dendrometer
Band dendrometer measurements on a white pine near Cloquet MN
Source: Alm and Brown, Minnesota Forestry Notes, 1964
Atomic bomb test in Almogordo, New Mexico, July 16, 1945.
How do we knowtemperate or boreal trees are
ANNUAL?WHY?
Phenology is the study of the timing of recurring biological events, their relationship to biotic and abiotic forces, and the inter-relations among phases of the same or di!erent species.
Bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) is a common tree along rivers in Minnesota and the upper Midwest.Select trees of this species can live for up to 450 years.
h"p://esp.cr.usgs.gov/data/atlas/li"le/
Dormancy
Bud break
Leaf outFlowers visible
Fruit drop
Source: Steve Ryan
DORMANCYThe buds of most temperature trees are protected by a covering of scales during the dormant period.
BUD BREAKA leaf bud is considered "breaking" once a green leaf tip is visible at the end of the bud.
LEAF OUTA leaf is considered "unfolded" once its stalk or base is visible outside of the bud.
FLOWERS VISIBLEFor bur oak, the male flowers hang loosely from the branch and are called catkins.
FRUIT DROP‘Fruit drop’ occurs when mature acorns are ripened and have dropped from the tree.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
dormancy
bud break
leaf out
flowers visible
fruit drop
dormancy
Every species has its own phenological ‘calendar’
Cambial activity is not continuous in space or in time.“ ”Kozlowski and Pallardy
Physiology of Woody Plants
GEOG5839WEATHER, CLIMATE & TREES
temperature water day length
Source: spaka"acks
H O W D O E S T E M P E R A T U R E A F F E C T T R E E G R O W T H ?
Source: Marchand, P. J. 1996. Life in the Cold: An Introduction to Winter Ecology, 3rd ed. University Press of New England. Hanover, NH. 304 pp.
6CO2 + 12H20 ➔ 6O2 + 6H20 + C6H1206
carbon dioxide water sugaroxygen water
cold hotlow growth
high growthfrozen water
low photosynthetic rate
shorter growing season
low photosynthetic rate
higher evaporation
T E M P E R A T U R E
Source: circulating
H O W D O E S M O I S T U R E A F F E C T T R E E G R O W T H ?
Source: Karen Rice
Stomata are microscopic pore on the epidermis (surface) of land plants. Stomata act as gateways that allow plants to exchange CO2 and O2 with the atmosphere.
PINE NEEDLEleaf stomata
CO2 CO2
H2O H2O
LEAF CROSS-SECTIONabundant water
CO2CO2
CO2CO2
CO2CO2
H2OH2O
H2O H2OH2O
LEAF CROSS-SECTIONwater shortage
CO2 CO2
dry wetlow growth
high growthreduced cell division
reduced cell expansion
C02 starvation
flooding
anoxic conditions
W A T E R
Source: Chris Nixon
H O W D O E S D A Y L E N G T H A F F E C T T R E E G R O W T H ?
short longlow growth
high growth
flowering
dormancy
germination
D A Y L E N G T H
G(t) = gE(t) • min[gT, gW]
A#er Evans et al., Journal of Geophysical Research, 2006
total growth rate
growth ratedue to radiation
growth ratedue to temperature
growth ratedue to soil water
Growth is controlled by the scarcest resource (limiting factor), not the total amount of resources available
LAW MINIMUMTHE OF THE
Source: Neil Pederson
GEOG5839ECOLOGICAL SIGNALS
Tree-ring display at elementary school
Photograph: Tom Swetnam
Dr. Hal Fri"sUniversity of Arizona
Fri"s, Tree Rings and Climate, 1976
Source: Fritts et al., Ecology, 1965
MORE DAYS WHERE MOISTURE IS LIMITING TO PROCESSES IN TREE
INCREASING VARIABILITY IN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
DECREASING EFFECTIVE PRECIPITATION
Low
High
Forest interior Semiarid forest border
c.f. Fri"s, 1976
MORE DAYS WHERE MOISTURE IS LIMITING TO PROCESSES IN TREE
INCREASING VARIABILITY IN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
DECREASING EFFECTIVE PRECIPITATION
Low
High
Forest interior Semiarid forest border
Average ring-widthArborial dominance
c.f. Fri"s, 1976
MORE DAYS WHERE MOISTURE IS LIMITING TO PROCESSES IN TREE
INCREASING VARIABILITY IN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
DECREASING EFFECTIVE PRECIPITATION
Low
High
Forest interior Semiarid forest border
PERCENT ABSENT
RINGS
c.f. Fri"s, 1976
MORE DAYS WHERE MOISTURE IS LIMITING TO PROCESSES IN TREE
INCREASING VARIABILITY IN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
DECREASING EFFECTIVE PRECIPITATION
Low
High
Forest interior Semiarid forest border
CORRELATION
BETWEEN
TREES
c.f. Fri"s, 1976
MORE DAYS WHERE MOISTURE IS LIMITING TO PROCESSES IN TREE
INCREASING VARIABILITY IN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
Low
High
Forest interior Semiarid forest border
CORRELATION
BETWEEN
TREES
DECREASING EFFECTIVE PRECIPITATION
c.f. Fri"s, 1976
Source: Fritts et al., Ecology, 1965
Thus the physiological processes, such as photosynthesis, respiration, assimilation, and cambial activity, are largely a function of favorable or unfavorable climatic regimes, and hence the trees exhibit a high amount of similar variation in relative year-to-year fluctuations of their ring widths.
“ ”Fri"s et al., 1965
Ecology
Source: United States Geological Survey
A species may grow and reproduce over a certain range of habitats; that range is described as its ecological amplitude.
h"p://esp.cr.usgs.gov/data/atlas/li"le/
h"p://esp.cr.usgs.gov/data/atlas/li"le/
THE PRINCIPLE OF ECOLOGICAL AMPLITUDETrees that grow near the margins or limits of their ecological amplitude are o#en more sensitive to changes in their environment.
GEOG8280NEXT CLASS