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Cellular Cellular RespirationRespiration
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Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (Ocatabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O 22 )) requiring
process that uses energyenergy extracted from macromolecules (glucose)macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy energy (ATP)(ATP) and water (Hwater (H 22 O).O).
C 6H 1 2O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO2 + 6H 2O + energy
glucoseglucose ATP
3
Question:Question: In what kinds organisms does cellular In what kinds organisms does cellular
respiration take place?respiration take place?
4
Plants and AnimalsPlants and Animals Plants - AutotrophsPlants - Autotrophs: self-producers. Animals - Heterotrophs: consumers.
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MitochondriaMitochondria OrganelleOrganelle where cellular respirationcellular respiration takes
place.
Innermembrane
Outermembrane
Innermembrane space
MatrixCristae
6
Redox ReactionRedox Reaction Transfer of one or more electrons from
one reactant to another.
Two types:Two types:1.1. OxidationOxidation2.2. ReductionReduction
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Oxidation ReactionOxidation Reaction
The lossloss of electrons from a substance .
Or the gaingain of oxygenoxygen.
C 6H 1 2O 6 + 6O 2 →6CO 2 + 6H 2O + energyglucose ATP
OxidationOxidation
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Reduction ReactionReduction Reaction
The gaingain of electrons to a substance.
Or the lossloss of oxygenoxygen.
glucose ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
ReductionReduction
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Breakdown of Cellular Breakdown of Cellular RespirationRespiration
Four main parts (reactions).Four main parts (reactions).
1. Glycolysis (splitt ing of sugar)1. Glycolysis (splitt ing of sugar)a. cytosol, just outside of mitochondria.
2. Grooming Phase2. Grooming Phasea. migration from cytosol to matrix.
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Breakdown of Cellular Breakdown of Cellular RespirationRespiration
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)a. mitochondrial matrix
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative PhosphorylationOxidative Phosphorylation
a. Also called Chemiosmosisb. inner mitochondrial membrane.
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1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis Occurs in the cytosol just outside of
mitochondria. Two phases (10 steps):Two phases (10 steps):
A. Energy investment phaseA. Energy investment phasea. Preparatory phase (first 5 steps).
B. Energy yielding phaseB. Energy yielding phasea. Energy payoff phase (second 5
steps).
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1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis
A. Energy Investment Phase:A. Energy Investment Phase:
Glucose (6C)
Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or GAP)
2 ATP - used0 ATP - produced0 NADH - produced
2ATP
2ADP + P
C-C-C-C-C-C
C-C-C C-C-C
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1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis
B. Energy Yielding PhaseB. Energy Yielding Phase
Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or GAP)
Pyruvate (2 - 3C) (PYR)
0 ATP - used4 ATP - produced2 NADH - produced
4ATP
4ADP + P
C-C-C C-C-C
C-C-C C-C-C
GAP GAP
(PYR) (PYR)
copyright cmassengale 14
copyright cmassengale 15
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1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis Total Net YieldTotal Net Yield
2 - 3C-Pyruvate (PYR)2 - ATP (Substrate-level Phosphorylation)2 - NADH
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Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate groupphosphate group from a substrate to ADP.
Enzyme
Substrate
O-
C=OC-O-CH2
P P P Adenosine
ADP(PEP)Example:
PEP to PYR
P PP
ATP
O-
C=OC=OCH2
Product(Pyruvate)
Adenosine
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Fermentation Fermentation Occurs in cytosol when “NO Oxygen”“NO Oxygen” is
present (called anaerobic).(called anaerobic). Remember: glycolysisglycolysis is part of
fermentationfermentation.
Two Types:Two Types:
1.1. Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
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Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation Plants and FungiPlants and Fungi →→ beer and winebeer and wine
glucose
Glycolysis
CCCCCC
CCC
2 Pyruvic acid
2ATP2ATP2ADP+ 2
2NADH
P
2 NAD+
CC
2 Ethanol2 Ethanol2CO2CO22
releasedreleased
2NADH 2 NAD+
21
Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation End Products: Alcohol fermentationEnd Products: Alcohol fermentation
2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
2 - CO 2
2 - Ethanol’s
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Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation
Animals (pain in muscle after a Animals (pain in muscle after a workout).workout).
2 Lactic2 Lactic acidacid
2NADH 2 NAD+
CCC
Glucose
GlycolysisCCC
2 Pyruvic acid
2ATP2ATP2ADP+ 2
2NADH
P
2 NAD+
CCCCCC
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Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation
End Products: Lactic acid fermentationEnd Products: Lactic acid fermentation
2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
2 - Lactic Acids
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2. Grooming Phase2. Grooming Phase Occurs when Oxygen is present (aerobic).Oxygen is present (aerobic).
2 Pyruvate (3C) molecules are transported through the mitochondria membrane to the matrix and is converted to 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) molecules.
CytosolCCC
2 Pyruvate
2 CO2 CO22
2 Acetyl CoA2 Acetyl CoAC-CC-C
2NADH2NADH2 NAD+
Matrix
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2. Grooming Phase2. Grooming Phase End Products: End Products: grooming phasegrooming phase
2 - NADH2 - NADH
2 - CO2 - CO 22
2- Acetyl CoA (2C)2- Acetyl CoA (2C)
copyright cmassengale 26
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3. Krebs Cycle (Citr ic Acid 3. Krebs Cycle (Citr ic Acid Cycle)Cycle) Location:Location: mitochondrial matrix.
Acetyl CoA (2C) bonds to Oxalacetic acid (4C - OAA) to make Citrate (6C).
It takes 2 turns of the krebs cycle to oxidize 1 glucose molecule.
MitochondrialMatrix
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3. Krebs Cycle (Citr ic Acid 3. Krebs Cycle (Citr ic Acid Cycle)Cycle)
KrebsCycle
1 Acetyl CoA (2C)
3 NAD+
3 NADH3 NADHFAD
FADHFADH22
ATPATP ADP + P
(one turn)(one turn)
OAA (4C) Citrate (6C)
2 CO2
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3. Krebs Cycle (Citr ic Acid 3. Krebs Cycle (Citr ic Acid Cycle)Cycle)
KrebsCycle
2 Acetyl CoA (2C)
6 NAD+
6 NADH6 NADH2 FAD
2 FADH2 FADH22
2 ATP2 ATP 2 ADP + P
(two turns)(two turns)
OAA (4C)Citrate (6C)
4 CO2
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3. Krebs Cycle (Citr ic Acid 3. Krebs Cycle (Citr ic Acid Cycle)Cycle) Total net yield (2 turns2 turns of krebs
cycle)
1. 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)2. 6 - NADH3. 2 - FADH 2
4. 4 - CO 2
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4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylat ion Oxidative Phosphorylat ion (( ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis ))
Location:Location: inner mitochondrial membrane.
Uses ETC (cytochrome proteins)ETC (cytochrome proteins) and ATP Synthase (enzyme) to make ATP.
ETC pumps H + (protons) across innermembrane (lowers pH in innermembrane space).
InnerMitochondrialMembrane
copyright cmassengale 34
The reactants in cellular respiration are:
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CO2 & O
2
CO2 & C6H12O6
O2 &
C6H12O6
ATP &
H2O
25% 25%25%25%
1. CO2 & O2
2. CO2 & C6H12O6
3. O2 & C6H12O6
4. ATP & H2O
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
In glycolysis you need ___ATP and make ____ ATP
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2 , 2 2 , 4 4 , 2 4 , 4
25% 25%25%25%
1. 2 , 22. 2 , 43. 4 , 24. 4 , 4
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
The phase of glycolysis where you use 2 ATP.
37
Energ
y Yieldin...
Energ
y Investm
...
Energ
y Product
...
Energ
y Complet..
.
25% 25%25%25%
1. Energy Yielding2. Energy Investment3. Energy Production4. Energy
Completion
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Glycolysis results in 2 ATP and ________.
38
2 NADH &
2 pyr.
..
2 NADH &
4 ATP
2 NADH+ &
2 py...
2 NAHH+ &
4 AT...
25% 25%25%25%
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
1. 2 NADH & 2 pyruvate2. 2 NADH & 4 ATP3. 2 NADH+ & 2 pyruvate4. 2 NAHH+ & 4 ATP
The process of making ATP by adding Phosphate from a molecule to ADP
39
ATP synth
ase
Oxidativ
e Phos...
ETC
Substr
ate leve...
25% 25%25%25%
1. ATP synthase2. Oxidative
Phosphorylation3. ETC4. Substrate level
phosphorylation
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Water and what are made in cellular respiration?
40
CO 2 & A
TP
CO2 & C6H12O6
O2 &
C6H12O6
O2 &
ATP
25% 25%25%25%
1. CO 2 & ATP2. CO2 & C6H12O6
3. O2 & C6H12O6
4. O2 & ATP
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Where does respiration occur?
41
Nucle
us
Chloroplasts
Mito
chondria
Cytoplasm
25% 25%25%25%
1. Nucleus2. Chloroplasts3. Mitochondria4. Cytoplasm
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
What types of organisms use cellular respiration?
42
All p
lants
All Anim
als
All E
ukaryote
s
All P
roka
ryote
...
25% 25%25%25%
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1. All plants2. All Animals3. All Eukaryotes4. All Prokaryotes
A molecule that loses electrons is:
43
Oxidize
d
Reduce
d
Neutra
lized
Molecu
larized
25% 25%25%25%
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1. Oxidized2. Reduced3. Neutralized4. Molecularized
What is the definition of glycolysis?
44
Makin
g suga
r
Makin
g ATP
Splitt
ing suga...
Splitt
ing ATP
25% 25%25%25%
1. Making sugar2. Making ATP3. Splitting sugar4. Splitting ATP
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Where does glycolysis occur?
45
Mito
chondria
l ...
Chloroplast
Nucle
us
Cytoso
l
25% 25%25%25%
1. Mitochondrial matrix
2. Chloroplast3. Nucleus4. Cytosol
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
46
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylat ion Oxidative Phosphorylat ion (( ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis ))
The H+ then move via diffusiondiffusion (Proton Motive Force) through ATP Synthase to make ATP.
All NADH and FADH 2 converted to ATP during this stage of cellular respirationcellular respiration.
Each NADH converts to 3 ATP.
Each FADH 2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH).
47
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylat ion Oxidative Phosphorylat ion (( ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis ))
Innermembrane
Outermembrane
Innermembrane space
MatrixCristae
48
4. 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation (( Chemiosmosis for Chemiosmosis for NADHNADH ))
NADH+ H+
ATPSynthase
1H+ 2H+ 3H+
higher Hhigher H++
concentrationconcentration
H+
ADP + ATP
lower Hlower H++
concentrationconcentration
H+
(Proton Pumping)
P
E T C
NAD+
2H+ + 1/2O2 H2O
Intermembrane SpaceIntermembrane Space
MatrixMatrix
InnerMitochondrialMembrane
What occurs after glycolysis if there is no O2 present?
49
Kre
b’s Cycle
ETC
Ferm
entatio
n
Oxid
ative p
hos...
8%0%
88%
4%
1. Kreb’s Cycle2. ETC3. Fermentation4. Oxidative
phosphorylation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
What organisms undergo alcoholic fermentation?
50
Plants
Fungi
Both
1 & 2
Neith
er 1 nor .
..
8%0%
92%
0%
1. Plants2. Fungi3. Both 1 & 24. Neither 1 nor 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
What product of alcoholic fermentation gave it its name?
51
ATP CO2
Ethan
ol
Lacti
c Acid
4%12%
77%
8%
1. ATP2. CO2
3. Ethanol4. Lactic Acid
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
What organisms undergo lactic acid fermentation?
52
Plants
Fungi
Animals
None of t
he ab...
0% 0%
100%
0%
1. Plants2. Fungi3. Animals4. None of the above
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Where does the Kreb’s Cycle occur?
53
Mito
chondria
l ...
Chloroplast
Nucle
us
Cytoso
l
25% 25%25%25%
1. Mitochondrial matrix
2. Chloroplast3. Nucleus4. Cytosol
201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
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4. 4. ETC ETC and and Oxidative Phosphorylat ion Oxidative Phosphorylat ion (Chemiosmosis for (Chemiosmosis for FADH2)
FADH2
+ H+
ATPSynthase
1H+ 2H+
higher Hhigher H++
concentrationconcentration
H+
ADP + ATP
lower Hlower H++
concentrationconcentration
H+
(Proton Pumping)
P
E T C
FAD+2H+ +
1/2O2
H2O
Intermembrane SpaceIntermembrane Space
MatrixMatrix
InnerMitochondrialMembrane
55
TOTAL ATP YIELDTOTAL ATP YIELD
1. 04 ATP - substrate-level phosphorylation
2. 34 ATP - ETC & oxidative phosphorylat ion
38 ATP - TOTAL YIELD
ATPATP
56
Eukaryotes(Have Membranes)
Total ATP Yield02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle
04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH 2 - Krebs cycle
36 ATP - TOTAL
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Maximum ATP Yield for Cellular Respiration (Eukaryotes)
36 ATP (maximum per glucose)
Glucose
Glycolysis
2ATP 4ATP 6ATP 18ATP 4ATP 2ATP
2 ATP(substrate-levelphosphorylation)
2NADH
2NADH
6NADH
KrebsCycle
2FADH2
2 ATP(substrate-levelphosphorylation)
2 Pyruvate
2 Acetyl CoA
ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Cytosol
Mitochondria
58
ProkaryotesProkaryotes(Lack Membranes)(Lack Membranes)
Total ATP Yield02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle
04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH 2 - Krebs cycle
38 ATP - TOTAL
59
Question:Question: In addit ion to glucose, what other In addit ion to glucose, what other
various food molecules are use in various food molecules are use in Cellular Respiration?Cellular Respiration?
60
Catabolism of VariousCatabolism of VariousFood MoleculesFood Molecules Other organic molecules used for fuel.
1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides
2. Fats: glycerol’s and fatty acids
3. Proteins: amino acids
If O2 is present after glycolysis this is made.
61
ATP
Lact
ic Acid
Ace
tyl C
oA
Pyru
vate
29%
19%
43%
10%
1. ATP2. Lactic Acid3. Acetyl CoA4. Pyruvate
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
The Krebs cycle makes CO2, FADH2 and:
62
ATP and O2
ATP and N
ADH
NADH and O
2
Pyruvat
e and O...
17%8%
0%
75%
1. ATP and O2
2. ATP and NADH3. NADH and O2
4. Pyruvate and O2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
What enzyme makes ATP in the ETC
6320
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
1. ETC synthase2. ATP synthase3. Enolase4. Hexokinase
Why do protons (H+) move across the inner membrane
64
Osm
osis
Elect
ron Flow
Diff
usion
Active
transp
o...
8% 8%
65%
19%
1. Osmosis2. Electron Flow3. Diffusion4. Active transport
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Each NADH yields _______ ATP
65
1 2 3 4
0%
16%
60%
24%
1. 12. 23. 34. 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Each FADH2 yields ____ATP
66
1 2 3 4
0% 4%0%
96%1. 12. 23. 34. 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
How many ATP are made in cellular respiration?
67
4 30 38 44
11%4%
85%
0%
1. 42. 303. 384. 44
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Which process produces more ATP?
68
Substr
ate leve...
Oxidativ
e phos..
.
74%
26%
1. Substrate level phosphorylation
2. Oxidative phosphorylation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
69