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Overuse Syndrome

Joseph H. Hartmann, DO

A rose is a rose…

•  Overuse syndrome •  Repetitive stress disorder / injury •  Repetitive motion disorder / injury •  Repetitive strain disorder / injury •  Cumulative trauma disorder •  Musculoskeletal disorder

What is it?

•  Repetitive activity over a variable course of time resulting in damage to tissue, usually muscular or ligamentous / tendinous (nerve entrapment also included).

•  Repetitive activities – Occupational – Recreational (sport-related) – Habitual (Nintendo thumb, Nintendinits,

gamer’s thumb, PlayStation thumb)

Literary Digest, Wikimedia Commons

Unknown, Wikimedia Commons

Unknown, Wikimedia Commons

Bart, Flickr

Pathophysiology

•  Tissue adaptation can not occur preventing healing

•  Persistent trauma causes escalating injury – Mechanical effects – Biochemical effects

•  Free radicals, prostaglandins, proinflammatory interleukins

– ? Genetic effects

Clinical Presentation - Hx

•  Begin with PQRST questions •  More specific detailing of suspected

offending activity – Repetitive activity (mechanism) – Technique employed

•  Limbs malpositioned from neutral position

– Equipment used / worn

Clinical Presentation – P.E.

•  Tenderness •  Diminished ROM (active / passive) •  Diminished strength •  Tissue edema (?)

– Swelling of bursae, synovial sheaths •  Evidence of musculoskeletal compensation •  Classically recognized presentations

Laboratory Studies

•  May or may not be indicated •  General metabolic

– CBC, comprehensive medical panel with liver function testing, TSH

•  Rheumatologic – ESR, CRP, ANA, RPR

Imaging Studies

•  May or may not be indicated

– Acute on chronic injury – Significant worsening changes (unexplainable) – Mechanism of injury questioned

Radiographs

•  Bony avulsions •  Stress fractures •  Chronic tendonitis

– Calcification of tendons •  Myositis ossificans

•  Bone scan / CT – Stress fractures

Source Undetermined

Source Undetermined

Source Undetermined

Ultrasound

•  Ligament and tendon pathology – Opportunity for dynamic examination

•  Higher resolution transducers provide higher spatial resolution rivaling MRI

•  Procedural and professional costs are 20% that of comparable MRI study

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

•  Historically more effective with acute injury than with more subtle findings associated with chronic injury

•  Newer generation units, increasing experience, use of gandolinium enhance-ment with fat saturation (identifies inflamma-tion) has provided excellent soft-tissue resolution

Electrodiagnostic Studies

•  EMG - NCT – Peripheral nerve compression / injury

•  Location •  Severity

•  MRI ?

Treatment •  Rest •  Analgesics •  Immobilization (?) •  Physical therapy

– Supervised •  To more carefully plan tx program •  Use of modalities •  Patient education

– Home exercise program

Treatment

•  Occupational therapy – Tailor physical therapy –  Identify workplace modifications

•  Sports medicine therapy – Sport specific physical therapy – More knowledgably address

•  Training issues •  Technique flaws •  Ill-fitting equipment

Treatment

•  Steroid injections – Ligaments and tendons can undergo structural weakening leading to potential rupture

•  Surgery – Failed conservative management

•  Nerve decompression •  Ligament repair (laxity)

– Dismal outcomes if performed for subjective pain relief without objective findings

Shoulder

•  Impingement syndrome – Compression of supraspinatus tendon and

subacromial bursa – Pain with abduction (Neer maneuver) and

flexion / internal rotation (Hawkins maneuver) – Subacromial tenderness – Normal ROM – Normal strength

National Institute Of Arthritis And Musculoskeletal And Skin Diseases, Wikimedia Commons

Elbow •  Epicondylitis

– Lateral epicondylitis •  Extensor carpi radialis brevis and longus •  “tennis elbow”

– Medial epicondylitis •  Flexor carpi radialis •  “golfer’s elbow”

– Pain with strong gripping – Decreased grip strength – Normal ROM

Gray’s Anatomy, Wikimedia Commons

Wrist and Hand

•  Carpal tunnel syndrome – Median nerve entrapment – Symptoms typically worse at night – Typical sensory distribution – Flattening of thenar eminence – Thumb adduction weakness – Hoffman-Tinel test – tapping – Phalen maneuver - flexion

Gray’s Anatomy, Wikimedia Commons

Wrist and Hand

•  deQuervain’s tenosynovitis –  Involves abductor pollicus longus and brevis – Repetitive gripping / grasping motions – Local tenderness over radial styloid region – Pain with resisted thumb extension/abduction – Pain with passive ulnar deviation with thumb

adducted in palm – Finkelstein maneuver

PhilippN, Wikimedia Commons

Gray’s Anatomy, Wikimedia Commons

Hip

•  Snapping hip syndrome – Usually from “iliotibial band snap”

•  Snapping of thick,wide iliotibial tendon over greater trochanter with hip extension

– Snapping sensation – Audible “pop” – Commonly seen in runners – May cause a trochanter bursitis

Beth Ohara, Wikimedia Commons

Gray’s Anatomy, Wikimedia Commons

Knee

•  Patellofemoral pain syndrome (chondromalacia patella) – “runner’s

knee” – Pain posterior to patella / anterior knee – Pain with compression of patella or with resisted

knee extension – Repetitive irritation – increased lateral forces on

patella – More commonly seen in women (anatomy)

Kari Stammen, Wikimedia Commons

Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome

•  “shin splints” •  Posteromedial margin of tibia •  Dull aching discomfort relieved by rest •  Progresses to worsening discomfort not

relieved by rest •  ? Hyposthesia over fourth toe •  r/o stress fx – “female athlete triad”

en:Anatomography, Wikimedia Commons

Gray’s Anatomy, Wikimedia Commons

Chronic Compartment Syndrome •  Masquerades as other pain syndromes •  Aching pain or cramping within 10-30 min in region of particular compartment •  Exaggeration of normal exercise response

–  Increased blood flow = increased muscle volume = decreased blood flow = compartment pressures above 20 mmHg

•  Return to normal function between episodes •  Non-urgent fasciotomy (?)

Sarte, Wikimedia Commons

Ankle / Foot

•  Achilles tendonitis – Heel pain – Worse with dorsi-flexion – Retrocalcaneal bursa involvement

•  Swelling, erythema, warmth

Gray’s Anatomy, Wikimedia Commons

Posterior Tibial Tendonitis

•  Pain over medial ankle – Worse with inversion –  Inability to stand on toes – Tenderness over tendon sheath – Often pronated flat foot found = overly-inverted

•  Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome – Nerve entrapment of posterior tibial nerve

Plantar Fasciitis

•  Involves plantar aponeurosis •  Plantar heel and / or mid-foot pain •  Passively dorsi-flex toes and palpate sole •  Bilateral presentation 1/3 of patients

Wikimedia Commons

Lucien Monfils, Wikimedia Commons

Davius, Wikimedia Commons

Finally •  Lengthy recovery times

– 4 – 6 weeks common – 6 months possible

•  Return to pre-injury activities – Complete resolution on pain – Full range of motion – At least 90% recovered strength

•  Prevention – Education – Modification