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Solve the following equations.
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟔
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟐
A𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝒙 = 𝟔 & 𝒚 = −𝟐
Methods of Solution of Linear
Equations
Traditional Method Matrix Method
Methods of Solution of Linear
Equations… Continue…
Traditional Method Matrix Method
Row Echelon
Method
Reduce Row
Echelon Method
Get the Upper
Triangle
Get the Identity
Matrix
Methods of Solution of Linear
Equations…Continue…
Row Echelon
Method
Reduce Row
Echelon Method
Get the Upper
Triangle
Get the Identity
Matrix
Gauss Elimination
Method
Gauss Jordan
Method
Derived at AD1850 Derived in AD1880
Why I’m
Happy Today?
Don’t think Jordan was Smarter than
Gauss.!!
Related Field
1.Number Theory,
2. algebra,
3. statistics,
4. analysis,
5. differential geometry,
6. geodesy,
7. geophysics,
8. electrostatics,
9. astronomy,
10. Matrix theory and
11. optics
Related Field
1. geodesy
Methods of Solution of Linear
Equations…Continue…
Now all we need is to construct a matrix from
given problem or set of equations.
This matrix is known as Augmented matrix.
Methods of Solution of Linear
Equations…Continue… Are you able to get Augmented matrix from set of equations?
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 8 −3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −11 −2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −3
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 10 𝑥 + 2𝑧 = 9
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7 𝑥 + 2𝑧 = 𝑦
2 1 −1−3 −1 2−2 1 2
|||
8−11−3
2 1 −10 1 11 0 2
|||
3109
1 −1 00 1 11 −1 2
||| −270
Set of Equations Augmented matrix
Example of Gauss Elimination Method
Ex.1 Solve the following equations by Gauss Elimination or
Backward Substitution.
2𝑦 + 𝑧 = −8 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0 −𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 3
Solution:
Augmented Matrix
0 2 11 −2 −3
−1 1 2
|||
−803
Augmented Matrix
0 2 11 −2 −3
−1 1 2
|||
−803
Interchange 𝑅1& 𝑅2
1 −2 −30 2 1
−1 1 2
|||
0−83
𝑅3 + 𝑅1
1 −2 −30 2 10 −1 −1
|||
0−83
Interchange 𝑅2& 𝑅3
1 −2 −30 −1 −10 2 1
|||
03
−8
1 −2 −30 −1 −10 2 1
|||
03
−8
𝑅3 + 𝑅2(2)
1 −2 −30 −1 −10 0 −1
|||
03
−2
Therefore, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0 … 1
−𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3 … 2 −𝑧 = −2 ⇒ 𝒛 = 𝟐 … (𝟑)
By using (3) in (2) −𝑦 − 2 = 3 ⇒ −𝑦 = 5 ⇒ 𝒚 = −𝟓 … (𝟒)
By using (3), (4) in (1) 𝑥 − 2 −5 − 3 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 + 10 − 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝒙 = −𝟒 … (𝟓)
Thus the solution of given equations
2𝑦 + 𝑧 = −8 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0 −𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 3
are 𝒙 = −𝟒, 𝒚 = −𝟓
& 𝒛 = 𝟐
Example of Gauss Jordan Method
Ex.1 Solve the following equations by Gauss Jordan
Method.
2𝑦 + 𝑧 = −8 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0 −𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 3
Solution:
Augmented Matrix
0 2 11 −2 −3
−1 1 2
|||
−803
Augmented Matrix
0 2 11 −2 −3
−1 1 2
|||
−803
Interchange 𝑅1& 𝑅2
1 −2 −30 2 1
−1 1 2
|||
0−83
𝑅3 + 𝑅1
1 −2 −30 2 10 −1 −1
|||
0−83
Interchange 𝑅2& 𝑅3
1 −2 −30 −1 −10 2 1
|||
03
−8
1 −2 −30 −1 −10 2 1
|||
03
−8
𝑅3 + 𝑅2(2)
1 −2 −30 −1 −10 0 −1
|||
03
−2
𝑅1 − 𝑅2(2)
1 0 −10 −1 −10 0 −1
|||
−63
−2
𝑅2 − 𝑅3 & 𝑅1 − 𝑅3
1 0 00 −1 00 0 −1
|||
−45
−2
Therefore, 𝒙 = −𝟒, 𝒚 = −𝟓 & 𝒛 = 𝟐
Thus the solution of given equations
2𝑦 + 𝑧 = −8 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0 −𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 3
are 𝒙 = −𝟒, 𝒚 = −𝟓
& 𝒛 = 𝟐
1 0 00 −1 00 0 −1
|||
−45
−2
Multiply 𝑅2 & 𝑅3 both by (−1)
1 0 00 1 00 0 1
|||
−4−52
Which Method is Better for solution
purpose?
Why?
Traditional
or
Gaussian Elimination Method
Gauss Jordan Method
or
Can we extend these methods one
step ahead?
Rocket Velocity
The upward velocity of a rocket is
given at three different times
The velocity data is approximated by a polynomial as:
Find: The Velocity at 𝑡 = 5,7, 7.5 and 8 seconds.
𝒗 𝒕 = 𝒂𝒕𝟐 + 𝒃𝒕 + 𝒄 , 𝟐 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟖
Problem: Given is not linear equation.
Question: Can we treat it as a linear?
Let me Help you,…
𝒗 𝒕 = 𝒂𝒕𝟐 + 𝒃𝒕 + 𝒄 , 𝟐 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟖
In this equation 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑡2 + 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐 … 1 ; 𝑡 & 𝑣 are given so
don’t worry about it. Time (𝑡)
In second (unit)
Velocity (𝑣)
In 𝐾.𝑚.
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 (unit)
𝑡1 = 2 𝑣1 = 1
𝑡2 = 4 𝑣2 = 2
𝑡3 = 6 𝑣3 = 4
So, from 1st equation we have
𝑣1 = 𝑎𝑡12 + 𝑏𝑡1 + 𝑐 … 2
𝑣2 = 𝑎𝑡22 + 𝑏𝑡2 + 𝑐 … 3
𝑣3 = 𝑎𝑡32 + 𝑏𝑡3 + 𝑐 … 4
Do you think equations 2′ , 3′ & 4′ are linear equations?
1 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐 … 2′
2 = 16𝑎 + 4𝑏 + 𝑐 … 3′
4 = 36𝑎 + 6𝑏 + 𝑐 … 4′
Will You Generate Matrix from this…?
4 2 116 4 136 6 1
|||
124
Have you got this…!
Okay, then solve…
Answer is 𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒃 = −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎
1 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐 … 2′ 2 = 16𝑎 + 4𝑏 + 𝑐 … 3′
4 = 36𝑎 + 6𝑏 + 𝑐 … 4′
From the above values 𝑎 = 0.125
𝑏 = −0.250
𝑐 = 1.000 & equation_(1) 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑡2 + 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐 we have
𝒗 𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒕𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒕 + 𝟏 … 𝟓
Equation_(5) Shows the Rocket Velocity equation in the time interval
of [2 8] seconds.
Now can you answer for these:
Find The Velocity at 𝑡 = 5,7, 7.5 and 8 seconds.
From equation_(5) 𝑣 𝑡 = 0.125𝒕2 − 0.25𝒕 + 1
Put 𝑡 = 5 ⇒ 𝑣 5 = 0.125 × 𝟓2 − 0.25 × 𝟓 + 1 ⇒ 𝒗 𝟓 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝒎
𝒔
𝑡 = 7 ⇒ 𝑣 7 = 0.125 × 𝟕2 − 0.25 × 𝟕 + 1 ⇒ 𝒗 𝟕 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝒎
𝒔
𝑡 = 7.5 ⇒ 𝑣 7.5 = 0.125 × 𝟕. 𝟓2 − 0.25 × 𝟕. 𝟓 + 1 ⇒ 𝒗 𝟕. 𝟓 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝒎
𝒔
𝑡 = 8 ⇒ 𝑣 8 = 0.125 × 𝟖2 − 0.25 × 𝟖 + 1 ⇒ 𝒗 𝟖 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒎
𝒔
Would you balance the following
chemical reactions for me?
𝐶𝐻4 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2𝑂
𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 → 𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2𝑂
𝑍𝑛(𝐶2𝐻3𝑂2)2+𝐻𝐵𝑟 → 𝑍𝑛𝐵𝑟2 + 𝐻𝐶2𝐻3𝑂2
𝐻2 + 𝑂2 → 2𝐻2𝑂
Can We Generate Matrix for each
reaction?
We will see in next lecture…
If Yes then “HOW???”
Think & Come with pre-reading
What will be in next Lecture?
Can we solve Gauss Elimination &
Gauss Jordan Method in Mat-lab?
We will see in coming Lab.
If Yes then “How???”
Think & Come with pre-reading
For Lab. …