Fse2120 -RESTORATIVE ARTS CH 5

THE CANON OF BEAUTY

(C) 2012 - Professor Joseph Finocchiaro

FACIAL PROPORTIONS

• The value of studying facial proportions is to make comparisons with photographs• Similarities in the size of features can be noted• Differences in the size of features can be noted


FACIAL PROPORTIONS

• Face changes with age so old pictures are of little value from a restoration point of view• Two or Three photos from various angles are most valuable


FACIAL PROPORTIONS

• Portraits are not effective due to editing and retouching• Use a magnifying glass to get up close


DIFFERENT VIEWS

• Frontal• Will show size, length, width of features in relationship to the face.

• Profile• Shows projections and recessions


DIFFERENT VIEWS

• Three Quarters View a.k.a. Oblique• Show appearance of lips and fullness of cheeks


DIFFERENT VIEWS

• Turning photo upside down• Shows face as it appears on a table• Can also make features more recognizable due to unfamiliarity with

the view


HIGHLIGHTS AND SHADOW

• These can change the way a face looks• Can be caused by natural light or directional light



• Highlight• Surface lying at a right angle to the source of illumination which

reflects the maximum amount of light. The lighter and Brighter Part

• Shadow• Surfaces which do not lie at right angles to the source of illumination

or are obscured by other surfaces and which reflect little or no light.



• Highlights reveal projections and raised areas.• Shadows reveal creases, grooves, and depressions. • Try to recreate lighting from a photograph for best results.


THE CANON OF BEAUTY

• The rule of proportional, harmonious relationships of the human face and head which are supposedly pleasing to the eye


THE CANON OF BEAUTY

• Bilateral Forms of Head and Features• Most do not conform to the Canon, but come close.


THE CANON OF BEAUTY

• Most faces do not match symmetrically, we are asymmetrical.• Both eyes may not be same width• One side of mouth may be wider• One side of nose may be wider• One cheek may be more prominent• Ears exhibit the greatest differences


THE CANON OF BEAUTY

• Four surfaces that exhibit similarity of bilateral curvatures• Forehead• Cheeks• Superior Integumentary Lip• Chin


HORIZONTAL LINES

• Divide Face in Half• Line at Vertex of Cranium• Line at Eye Closure• Line at Base of Chin• Dividing the face into thirds will be discussed below.


VERTICAL LINES

• Draw a line down from the medial corner of each eye (inner canthus) to the wing of the nose.• Draw a line down from the lateral corner of each eye (outer

canthus) to the sides of the face


VERTICAL LINES

• Draw a line down from the middle of the eye to the corner of the mouth• Value - to detect variations from the norm or perfect size

relations


HEIGHT RELATIONSHIP

• Height of human adult is approximately 7 1/2 to 8 heads tall• Head length - the distance from the base of the chin to the vertex of

the cranium• Face length - the distance from the base of the chin to the normal

hairline at its lowest point


DIVISIONS OF THE BODY

• First division - from the sole of foot to the patella at its center point• patella – knee

• Second division - from the patella at its center point to the articulation of the pubic synthesis• pubic synthesis – hips


DIVISIONS OF THE BODY

• Third division - from the articulation of the pubic synthesis to the manubrium of the sternum• sternum – breastbone

• Fourth division - from the manubrium of the sternum to the cranial vertex


DIVISIONS OF THE ARM

• First division - from the center point of the axilla to the bend of the elbow• axilla – armpit

• Second division - from the bend of the elbow to the bend of the wrist• Two divisions of the arm will be equal


EQUALITIES OF THE BODY

• The distance from the bend of the wrist to the tip of the longest finger will equal the face length• The length of the foot will equal the head length


EQUALITIES OF THE BODY

• The three lower divisions of the body will be equal to each other• The uppermost division of the body will be 2/3 the length of

the other three divisions of the body


BORDERS OF THE HEAD

• Superior border of the head - vertex of the cranium• Middle border of the head - line of eye closure• Inferior border of the head - base of the chin


DIVISIONS OF THE FACE

• Superior division - from the normal hairline at its lowest point to the eyebrows at their highest point• Middle division - from the eyebrows at their highest point to

the base of the nose• Inferior division - from the base of the nose to the base of

the chin



• Inferior division is further subdivided into 3 subdivisions• Base of the nose to the line of mouth closure• Line of mouth closure to the superior border of the chin• Superior border of the chin to the base of the chin



• Three divisions are equal• Three subdivisions are equal


NOSE LENGTH

• Length of the Nose is equal to each of the following:• Distance from the normal hairline to the eyebrows• Distance from the base of the nose to the base of the chin• Length of the ear


NOSE LENGTH

• Distance from the outer canthus of the eye to the center point of the external auditory meatus (on a line drawn straight through the skull)

• Distance measured from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the index finger when held parallel to each other


SUPPLEMENTAL MEASUREMENTS

• The top of the ear and the eyebrows at their highest point rest on the same transverse plane• The inferior margin of the earlobe and the base of the nose

rest on the same transverse plane



• The width of the face is 2/3 the length of the face• The width of the ear is 2/3 the length of the ear



• The distance from the tip of the nose to the most posterior point of the cranium will equal the length from the cranial vertex to the base of the chin



• The following measurements will be equal:• Distance from the normal hairline to the base of the nose• Distance from the eyebrows to the base of the chin• Distance between external auditory meatuses• Distance from the ear-passage to the tip of the nose


HORIZONTAL MEASUREMENTS

• The unit of measurement - eye width• Width of the eye equals the distance from the inner canthus

of an eye to the outer canthus of that eye• The face will be 5 eyes wide


EYE WIDTH

• The eye width is equal to:• 1/5 the greatest width of the face, measured between zygomatic

arches• The distance between the inner canthuses of the eyes• The width of the base of the nose• 1/2 width of the mouth


EYE WIDTH

• An imaginary vertical line extended from the center point of the eye will be tangent to the corner of the mouth• An imaginary vertical line extended from the inner canthus

of the eye will be tangent to the lateral portion of the nasal wings


PHOTOGRAPHS FOR RESTORATIVE ART


PROFESSIONAL PORTRAITS

• Valuable because of size


PROBLEMS WITH PORTRAITS

• Picture alterations or modifications• Additional light influences


PHOTOGRAPHS

• Snapshots are beneficial because they can reveal several different views• A profile snapshot will be extremely beneficial in the

complete restoration of facial features


PHOTOGRAPHS

• To see asymmetry in a feature or in features, the photograph may be inverted and viewed from superior to inferior


LIGHTING

• Surface appearance• Highlights will reveal a prominence in the feature• Shadows will reveal a depression or concavity of the face


LIGHTING

• Surface appearance is based upon the lighting being used• normal lighting - illumination from above• directional lighting - shined directly at the subject• flat lighting - example: flash bulb


USE OF PHOTOGRAPHS

• Compare the photograph to the actual body by measuring parts of the picture and parts of the body.


FACIAL PROFILES

• 3 Basic Profile Forms, excluding the nasal profile when viewing


FACIAL PROFILES

• Convex - the forehead recedes from the eyebrows to the hairline and the chin recedes from the projection of the upper lip• The most common facial profile


FACIAL PROFILES

• Concave - the forehead protrudes from the eyebrows to the hairline and the chin protrudes from the projection of the upper lip• Least common facial profile


FACIAL PROFILES

• Vertical a.k.a. Balanced Profile a.k.a Straight - the forehead, eyebrows, upper lip and chin are all located on the same imaginary vertical plane


FACIAL PROFILE VARIATIONS

• 6 Variations of Facial Profiles - Always classify forehead first• Convex-Concave• forehead recedes from eyebrows and the chin protrudes from the

upper lip



• Convex-Vertical• forehead recedes from eyebrows and the chin and upper lip are on

the same vertical plane

• Concave-Convex• forehead protrudes from eyebrows and the chin recedes from the

upper lip



• Concave-Vertical• forehead protrudes from eyebrows, the chin and upper lip are on the

same vertical plane



• Vertical-Convex• forehead and eyebrows are on same plane and the chin recedes from

the upper lip

• Vertical-Concave• forehead and eyebrows are on the same plane and the chin protrudes

from the upper lip


GEOMETRIC HEADSHAPES

• There are 7 Geometric Headshapes from the Frontal View• Value of the geometric headshape is to show the lengths

and widths of the human face


GEOMETRIC HEADSHAPES

• Bone structure, cartilage, and tissues, in addition to placement of features, serve to define general characteristics of each shape.• Features always coincide with headshapes


HEADSHAPES

• Oval• cranium slightly wider than jaw• jaw line is curved• nose is usually straight and proportional in length• the most common geometric headshape


HEADSHAPES

• Round Headshape a.k.a. Infantine headshape• the jaw line and cranium are round• the jaw and cranium are very full and convex


HEADSHAPES

• Square Headshape a.k.a. Strong headshape• length is equal to the width• hairline and eyebrows are nearly horizontal• mouth and jaws are wide• angles of the jaw are low and wide• wide forehead


HEADSHAPES

• Oblong Headshape• vertical measurements greatly exceed the transverse measurements• nose is generally long and prominent at the tip• hollow cheeks may be seen• forehead is narrow and high• mouth tends to narrow


HEADSHAPES

• Triangular Headshape• narrow in the forehead, great width between the angles of the jaw• mouth tends to be wide• nose is fleshy and broad• tendency to have heavy jowls• chin is broad and square• least common geometric headshape


HEADSHAPES

• Inverted Triangular Headshape a.k.a. Heart Headshape• great width in the forehead• narrowness between the angles of the jaw• mouth is narrow


HEADSHAPES

• Diamond Headshape• medial tapering in both forehead and the jaw line• widest across the zygomatic bones• narrow in width in forehead and jaw• eyes are likely to be well separated


Education

Fse2120 -RESTORATIVE ARTS CH 5