Archaic Greece

As the Persian Empire spread civilization from Asia Minor to the Mediterranean, other civilizations grew..

The Greeks and Etruscans served as mercenaries in the Persians and Egyptian armies.

Mercenary: a paid soldierhiredtoserveinaforeignarmy

The GreeksThe Persians considered the Greeks barbarians.

Greek Barbarians would create an artistic and intellectual renaissance.

Combining strength and a new vision with the technology of the east.

The 12 Century BCEThe Indo European Greek-speaking invaded Mycenae.The Phoenicians set up colonies.The Etruscans set up a Kingdom in Italy and civilized the Latin and Roman tribes.

The GreeksThese iron age cultures destroyed the old bronze age cultures of Minoa and Mycenae.

3000 - 1400 BCEBronze AgeMediterranean Sea

The Bronze Age Mediterranean Region

An Archipelago region.

Archipelago an area made up of many many islands.

Geometric Pottery

Geometric

Repeating patterns of balanced lines.

Geometric bronze

Early Greek Art & Artifacts

Cycladic figures in Marble

2800 - 1400 BCETheMinoans

By 2800 BCE, a Bronze Age civilization flourished on the large island of Crete.

Sir Arthur Evans

In the 1920s, Arthur Evans discovered it, naming it Minoan, after, the legendary king Minus of Crete.

Artists idea of Knossos

Palace of King Minos North Entrance

Palace of King Minos - Interiors

Palace of King Minos Throne Room

Aerial View of Knossos

Knossos had a large sea trade empire.

Minoan ships traded mostly with Egypt and southern Greece.

MinoanTradeBireme ship

Coast of Crete

Early Writing :Linear A (no one can read)

Canon?

Early Writing : Linear A (no one can read it today)

The PeopleMinoans Civilization centered on the island of Crete.

Palace on KnossosTheseus and the Minotaur

The PeopleAnd spread to other Islands like Thera.

Palace on KnossosTheseus and the MinotaurIsland of Thera

By 2800 BCE, Knossos had been built into a large trade city.Knossos had a large sea trade empire.

Minoan ships traded with Ancient Egypt and southern Greece.

The Minoans were not loved by the early mainland Greeks.

The rich people of Athens had to send 10 children every year to live at King Minus palace.

Theseus & The Minotaur

Perhaps they were hostages to ensure trade relationships with the Minoans.

Minoan TradeBireme ship

Coast of Crete

Minoan Women ran the temples and religion.

Minoan Culture - Religion

Minoan PriestMinoan Snake Goddess

Bull Cult

Bull Jumping Sports

Minoan Artistic Motifs

Palace of King Minos North Entrance

Palace of King Minos - Interiors

Palace of King Minos Throne Room

A volcanic eruption on the Island of Thera had devastating effects on the Minoan people on the Island of Crete.

After that, the early Greek city states of Mycenae invaded Crete, taking its trade routes.

AtlantisCould Crete and the Minoans be related to the legend of Atlantis?????

Have you ever heard of Atlantis?

Have you ever heard of Atlantis?

In Athens, Plato wrote about politics around 330BC.

In one of his stories, he wrote about a war that the democratic Athenians won against the kingdom of Atlantis, an advanced island Civilization,

The Greek Gods sent a tidal wave to destroy Atlantis.

How is Minoan history related to the legend of Atlantis?

Around 1450 BC, the Mycenaean Greeks invaded and destroyed Crete.

1600 - 1100 BCEThe First State in GreeceMycenaean

The Mycenaean World Bronze Age

Sir Heinrich Schliemann

Heinrich Schliemann discovered Mycenaean.

Mycenaean Writing System: Linear B

View of Mycenae

archaeologicaltell

Mycenae Citadel & Reconstuction

Approach to the Lions Gate

Lions Gate Entrance to Mycenae

Mycenae had a loose alliance of independent kings.

Alliance a relationship in which people agree to work together.

Petty monarchies made up Mycenaean civilization. Each lived in a fortified palace center on hills and surrounded by tall stone walls.

Monarchy a country that is ruled by amonarch(such as a king or queen)

The Mycenaean people admired heroic deeds in battle most.

Heroes fought individually, Achilles, Hector, Paris

Homer recorded their most famous military adventures.

mid-12c BCETheTrojanWar

Homers Great Epics

The Trojan War 1280-1250 BCE

According to Homer, the kings of Mycenae led by King Agamemnon made war for 10 years against King Priam of Troy.

Scholars had dismissed Homers story as fantasy until Schliemanns discovery of Troy in 1870.

Today, many believe that Homers books have a basis in fact.

Plan of the City of Troy

The Seven Layers of Ancient Troy

The Seven Layers of Ancient Troy

Homers Troy(VII)

Original Wall of the City of Troy

Wall of Troy Recreated

Dome of King Priams Treasury

King Priams Treasure

Sofie SchliemannWith King Priams Jewelry

The Trojan War 1280-1250 BCEAccording to Homer, the Mycenans led by King Agamemnon sacked the city of Troy after a 10 year war.

The Trojan War 1280-1250 BCEThe war began when a Trojan Prince fell in love with the Queen Helen of Sparta (Helen of Troy).

The King of Sparta Menelaus asked his brother King Agamemnon to declare war against the Trojans and Prince Paris.

Paris France the city of love

The Trojan War 1280-1250 BCEAfter a 10 year siege of Troy, King Agamemnon sacked the city by tricking the Trojans into thinking the Greeks had left.

Mask of Agammemnon

Decline of MycenaeBy 1200 BCE, Mycenaean had serious troubles.

Decline of MycenaeBy 1200 BCE, Mycenaean had serious troubles.

Decline of MycenaeBy 1200 BCE, a series of earthquakes shook the area.

Decline of MycenaeThe constantly fought and weakened each others kingdoms.

Decline of MycenaeThen, Greek-speaking invaders with iron weapons moved in from the north.

These iron age cultures destroyed and dominated the old bronze age cultures of Mycenae and Minoa.

Persian EmpireMycenaeCreteKnossosTroy TheraByblosTyreCarthageAegean, Adriatic, Mediterranean SeasThebesMemphisJerusalemBabylonNile, Tigris, Euphrates Rivers

Home Work BookPage 113 1-5 and 7 full sentencesBonus 8 or 9

In the twelfth century BCE, the Indo European Greek-speaking invaded Mycenae.The Phoenicians set up colonies.The Etruscans set up a Kingdom in Italy, they ruled and civilized the Latin and Roman tribes.

Greek CivilizationDark Ages

s

1200 - 800 BCETheGreek"Dark Ages"

The European tradition really starts with the Greeks.European politics, art, thinking, even singing are all connected to the Greeks.

The Greeks did not abandon themselves to luck, fate or Gods.Instead they asked questions and came up with answers rationally .

Plato wrote philosophy is the child of wonder, and it is the gift of the Greeks.

Their curiosity paid off in insecurity and instability, but also in greatness.

World of Hellas

Hellenes, part of the world of Hellas.Not a nation or people, but a cultural community.Homer thought that culture to Hellen and fighting together in the Trojan War.

As we will see unified Greek culture has more to do with the Persian Wars, than the Trojan War.

Greek (Hellas) practicalityNo matter where they lived, Greeks stole anything useful and improve it.

Greek (Hellas) practicalityThey did not invent pottery, but the improved it.Artists signed their pieces.

Hellas practicalityThey improve Egyptian architecture.

Hellas practicalityThey made sculpture idealistic and more realistic, and invent the nude.

Hellas practicalityThey add vowels to the Phoenician Alphabet, making the easiest alphabet.

Reading was for everyone, unlike in Egypt or Mesopotamia where only a few could read. Even merchants, common soldiers, farmers could read and write in Greek city states.

An easy alphabet causes growth of literacy. Knowledge no longer died with a teacher. Knowledge was recorded, learned by the next generation. It could be added to and built on.

Homer, the Blind Poet

Some historians argue he is one person, others he did not exist, others that the poems were a collection of many different writers.

Homer

The Iliad describes life in the dark ages.

It describes a society of warriors and petty chiefs greedy for honors and riches.

Ruthless, but with a code of behavior heroism, nobility, eventually chivalry.

These masterpieces gave the Greeks an ideal past of heroes. Greeks used them as basic educational texts for generations of Greek males.

Homer taught the value of arete courage and honor. They taught students to be proud of their Greek heritage and their heroic ancestors.

Olympic GamesBy 776 BCE, the Greeks ritualize heroism in great competitive games, the most famous at Olympia to honor Zeus.

Olympic GamesMythical founders run from Hercules, to Zeus.

A Greek city states had a truce during the Olympic games, which ran 4 days.

Truce an agreement between enemies or opponents to stop fighting or arguing for a certain time.

The ancient Olympics included running, long jump, shot put, javelin,

The ancient Olympics included running, long jump, shot put, javelin,

The ancient Olympics included running, long jump, shot put, javelin,

The ancient Olympics included boxing, and wrestling,

the most popular event the Chariot races. Ben Hur - The Chariot race2.flv

They named the games argon, from which agony comes from.

The honor you competed for was so high that neither agony or even life were too high a price to pay for winning.

Realistic Athletes wanted to win big prizes.

Winners pay no taxes, often received a free house, special theater seats, and eat free at restaurants for life!

Later, the athletes image was cleaned up by fans who wanted sacrifice, not money ambition.

Zeuss games were for men only. Married women could not go.

The only woman to attend the games was the priestess of Demeter.

A law stipulated that every other female spectator had to be thrown off a high cliff.

However women had their own games the Heraia in honor of Hera.

The Ancient Olympics ended in 393 CE, when the Christian Roman emperor Theodosius I stopped the Games.

The first modern Olympic Games opened in April 1896 in Athens, mostly due to Pierre de Coubertin.

Greek culture gods and goddesses

By the 5th Century BCE, Olympia had been built up magnificently.

The Athenian artist Phidias made the Temple of Zeus into one of the 7 wonders of the Ancient World.

Greeks honored Gods with palaces, but only the Gods would be worshiped, not kings or pharaohs.

Unlike Persia, the Greeks worshiped no man as God, or a Gods agent, only the Gods!

Now for the first time, Man(kind) is the measure of all things as Protagoras said in the 5th Century.

Greek MythologyUranus (the god of the sky) and Gaia (earth goddess) had six sets of twins called the Titans.

Atlas

Oceanus

Rhea

Thea mother of the Sun

Greek MythologyCrones, their youngest ( god of Time) took control and kills Uranus.

Aphrodite (goddess of love) came from the sea as Uranus fell into it.

Greek MythologyCronus had three sons (Zeus, Poseidon, Hades). He also had three daughters (Hestia, Demeter and Hera).

Titans vs OlympiansCrones ate his children, but his wife Rhea fed him a stone instead of Zeus.

12 Olympians Zeus grew up in a hidden cave and learned from the goddesses of knowledge the Muses.

12 Olympians When he grew up, Zeus and his brothers fought a war against Cronus and the Titans.

12 Olympians Zeus fought a war against Cronus and the Titans.

12 Olympians Zeus became god of heaven and earth.

Mt Olympus

He punished the Titans..Atlas holds up the world.

Prometheus chained to a cliff..

Cronus to live a whole life in one year then be reborn.

Cronus to live a whole life in one year then be reborn.

12 Olympians His brother Poseidon became god of the Sea.

12 Olympians Their brother Hades became god of the underworld,

12 Olympians The afterlife a place of shadows and boredom, which all spirits went to no matter good or bad.

12 Olympians Hera Queen of the gods and the goddess of marriage and family. She frequently tried to get revenge on Zeus' lovers and their children.

12 Olympians Demeter goddess of fertility, agriculture, nature, and the seasons. Her Latin name, Ceres, gives us the word cereal".

12 Olympians AthenaVirgin goddess of wisdom, handicrafts, defense and strategic warfare. Daughter of Zeus and Oceanid Metis. She rose from her father's head fully grown and in full battle armor after he swallowed her mother.

12 OlympiansDionysusGod of wine, celebrations and ecstasy. Patron god of theater. Son of Zeus and the Theban princess Semele, youngest Olympian.

12 OlympiansApolloGod of light, knowledge, music, poetry, prophecy and archery. Twin brother of Artemis.

Oracle of Apollo at DelphiAn Oracle is a temple where the Gods speak to humans..

A Priestess of Apollo would answer your questions about the future.

Oracle of Apollo at DelphiThe most famous oracle of the ancient world.

Predications were difficult to interpret.

The Oracle told Crosses if he went to war with Cyrus a great kingdom would be lost.

12 OlympiansArtemisVirgin goddess of the hunt, purity, archery, the moon, and all animals, twin sister of Apollo.

12 OlympiansAresGod of war, violence and bloodshed. Son of Zeus and Hera, all the other gods (except Aphrodite) despised him.

12 OlympiansHephaestusMaster blacksmith and craftsman of the gods; god of fire and the forge. Married to Aphrodite.

12 OlympiansHermesMessenger of the gods; god of commerce and thieves. Son of Zeus and the nymph Maia. The second-youngest Olympian.

Gods and Goddess were supernatural and superhuman, but had human emotions and biology, a revolution in religion.

Olympians had emotions such as love, jealousy and anger. Humans lives fascinated them.

Zeus and the other Olympians had love affairs with humans.Leda mother of Helen of Troy.

Zeus favorite Ganymede lived with him on Mount Olympus, much to Heras annoyance.

Heroes and Demi godsHercules, Jason, Medusa and Peruses were all half human half god, and many many more.

Only the Gods would be worshiped, not kings or pharaohs or any human!

Unlike Persia, the Greeks worshiped no man as God, only the Gods!

Gods had to be honored with palaces.

However, when sacrificing animals, the gods received animal fat and bones, the people got the good meat.

Next time Greek Polispp115-120END

MycenaeTroy OlympiaCarthageByzantiumRomeAegean, Adriatic, Med SeasAlp Pyrenees MtsAthensSpartaSyracuseThebesAlexandriaJerusalemIoniaAtticaPeloponneseSicilyPo Danube Tiber, Po, Rhone rivers